Socio-ecological researches, especially related to investigating human attitudes, have been at a disadvantage because of its often subjective nature but tools such as Q AZD8931 methodology provide a unique opportunity that allows for quantifying human subjectivity. Therefore, use of such methodologies should not be dictated by a discipline and instead, should be determined by the research question to be addressed. However, it is important to remember that while Q methodology is Nutlin-3a cost very useful to explore and classify the attitudes based on their similarities and differences, but its findings

cannot be extrapolated to the whole population. Three primary attitudes emerged, two of which were loaded almost completely by landowners and this reflects the diversity in attitudes on the subject even within the same stakeholder group. Therefore, it would be shortsighted to assume that all landowners have the same attitude toward biodiversity conservation on private land. Even though both the “Skeptic” and the “Uncertain” were loaded by JQ1 in vitro landowners, the latter is relatively more inclined toward biodiversity conservation. If conservation priority was to overlap with conservation opportunity,

then for two parcels of land with equal conservation priority, the one with the “Uncertain” holds a higher conservation opportunity than the one owned by the “Skeptic”. “Skeptics” are predominantly against private land conservation, mostly due to the fear of economic losses that they might have to bear. This fear stems from two reasons: first, the lack of actual financial incentives for private land conservation in Poland and second, the lack of communication and information dissemination on what conservation on private land entails. Financial incentives for conservation on private land in Poland is mostly limited to agricultural land only, the most popular program being the EU

Agri-Environment scheme which neither targets all land uses and nor does it focus on private land within protected areas. Without proper financial support mechanisms and tangible benefits, it would be difficult to covert a “Skeptic” into even an “Uncertain”. Also, the interviews conducted after each Q sort highlighted tuclazepam the need for a more accessible form of information dissemination at the community level to generate awareness on what conservation strategies such as Natura 2000 on private land actually entail. Most landowners were unaware or misinformed about regulations on private land within the boundaries of different types of protected areas. Scanning across all the stakeholder groups included in this study, we find a distinct dichotomy in the perception of the importance of private land conservation, with NGOs, government institutions and park officials at one end of the spectrum and the landowners at the other. This result may not be surprising, but it is yet another evidence of lack of good governance in protected area management.

Bcl-x gene was cloned by Boise[8] in 1993 by screening a chicken lymphocyte cDNA library using mouse Bcl-2 cDNA as the probe. Bcl-x has dual regulatory roles after activation. It is localized at 20q11.21 and a different splicing site at the 5′ terminus of its 1st mRNA exon leads to two fragments: a longer fragment Bcl-xl and a shorter fragment Bcl-xs. In recent years, expression of Bcl-x gene products (Bcl-xl and Bcl-xs)

in some tumors has been reported in domestic and foreign studies. However, the expression status in endometrial carcinoma tissue has rarely been characterized yet. Expression of Bcl-xl in endometrial carcinoma tissue and the significances Bcl-xl contains 241 amino acids and BH1-BH4 4 homologous sequences. Its sequence is 43% identical to that of Bcl-2 and their

Selleckchem Ro 61-8048 functions are similar too. Bcl-xl could inhibit cell apoptosis through forming heterodimer with Bax in cytosol. Studies found that Bcl-xl could inhibit apoptosis in a Bcl-2-independent manner. It could inhibit cell apoptosis mediated by many apoptosis-inducing factors, which was far upstream in regulation of apoptosis. Bcl-xl protein was highly expressed learn more in some tumors with low level of Bcl-2. Some researchers believed that Bcl-xl protein might have substituted the function of Bcl-2 in some tumors. Under certain condition, this protein has stronger apoptosis-inhibitory effect over Bcl-2, indicating the key role of Bcl-xl in the process of cell transformation. Studies showed that tumor cell apoptosis could be induced by lowering the Bcl-xl expression in human prostate cancer tissue[9]. Furthermore, PRKD3 researches demonstrated that induction of tumor cell apoptosis could be achieved through inhibiting the expression of Bcl-xl in malignant pleural click here mesothelioma[10]. Boehmdenf et al. [11]also showed that Bcl-xl expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma was significantly different among different types of pathological grading, while the expression of Bcl-xl protein in human prostate cancer specimens was closely correlated with the Gleason scoring

and metastasis of human prostate cancers[12]. Therefore, Bcl-xl plays an important role in pathogenesis of tumor as an anti-apoptotic factor, and chemotherapy-resistance of the tumor cell may be associated with high level of Bcl-xl expression [13, 14]. Our study found that expressions of Bcl-xl mRNA and protein were slightly increased in simple hyperplasia and atypical hyperplasia endometrial tissues, while significantly increased in endometrial carcinoma tissue. In addition, Bcl-xl expression was correlated with the pathological grading of endometrial carcinoma, suggesting that elevation in Bcl-xl disrupted the regulation of signal transduction and normal gene expression, while it led to abnormal endometrial cell proliferation differentiation and eventually endometrial carcinoma.

A portable chest x-ray performed at Patient Arrival Time (PAT) + 10 min revealed a right hemothorax. A right thoracostomy tube was placed, which returned 800 mL of blood. By this time the patient had responded to resuscitation of 2 L of Lactated Ringers (PAT + 20 min). The patient did not at this time meet criteria for an emergent thoracotomy (< 1500 mL thoracostomy output and hemodynamic stability), therefore planning the workup 3-deazaneplanocin A molecular weight for potential surgical sources of bleeding incorporated 3 areas of concern: 1) intra-thoracic injury resulting from

the lower right thoraco-abdominal wound, 2) intra-abdominal injury from the lower right thoraco-abdominal wound that was decompressing BIBW2992 datasheet through a diaphragm injury into the right thoracic cavity and 3) injury to the proximal great vessels from the Zone I neck wound decompressing into the right

thoracic cavity. We believed that distinguishing between these three possibilities was important in so far that the optimal surgical approach to each area was different: 1) posterior thoracotomy for thoracic injury, 2) laparotomy for abdominal and 3) median sternotomy/clavicular extension for proximal great vessel exposure. A focused abdominal sonogram for trauma (FAST) done at PAT + 20 min was negative. Given the range of possible injuries and the patient’s current stability, a Computer Tomography Angiogram (CTA) of the neck and chest and a CT scan of the abdomen were performed at PAT + 40 min. Although no contrast extravasation suggestive of active bleeding was appreciated on CT, a residual clot occupying the > 50% of the right chest was appreciated (see Figure 1). There was no evidence of intra-abdominal injury on the CT scan of the abdomen. A second thoracostomy tube Thymidine kinase was placed and approximately 2.2 L of blood were evacuated with suction. Given that this output now met criteria for surgical exploration, the PLX4032 order decision was made to take the patient to the operating room for an exploratory thoracotomy (PAT + 60 min). Resuscitation up to this point consisted

of 4 L of crystalloid and 6 units of PRBCs. Figure 1 CTA of chest revealing large residual clot in the right hemi-thorax. This study was performed in an attempt to localize the bleeding source in our patient. The study was negative in terms of identifying an anatomic source of bleeding (most relevant with respect to examination of the great vessels in the thoracic outlet, albeit falsely negative). However, this study served as a proxy for the post-thoracostomy chest x-ray and identified the insufficient drainage of the right chest with the thorocostomy tube in place. As a bleeding source had not yet been identified, all three potential areas of injury remained viable concerns. Given this uncertainty, the decision was made to utilize the surgical approach that would provide the greatest flexibility for our set of potentialities.

When appropriate, plates or broths were supplemented with erythromycin (Erm) (5 μg/ml) and/or chloramphenicol (Cm) (5 μg/ml). Growth TPX-0005 molecular weight was monitored by measuring optical density of cultures at 600 nm (OD600) at regular time intervals. To investigate the effect of various stress agents on RpoE activity, cells were grown to mid log phase (OD600 = 0.6-0.7) and

treated for different time periods (30 min-1 h) with hydrogen peroxide (5 mM), diamide (100 mM), 0.01% SDS-0.1 mM EDTA or methylene blue (1 μM) in the presence of white light (source of singlet oxygen) [77]. Sequences from the following strains (with Genbank ID) were downloaded for comparative aligments: N.meningitidis_MC58 (AE002098); N.meningitidis_FAM18 (AM421808); N.meningitidis_053442 (Tideglusib CP000381); N.meningitidis_Z2491 (AL157959); N.gonorrhoeae_FA1090 (AE004969); N.gonorrhoeae_NCCP11945 (CP001050); N.cinerea_ATCC_14685 check details (ACDY00000000); N.flavescens_NRL30031/H210 (ACEN00000000); N.lactamica_ATCC_23970 (ACEQ00000000); N.subflava_NJ9703 (ACEO00000000); N.sicca_ATCC_29256 (ACKO00000000); N.mucosa_ATCC_25996 (ACDX00000000); Streptomyces coelicolor_A3(2)

(AL645882); Rhodobacter sphaeroides_ATCC_17025 (CP000661). Construction of ΔrpoE and ΔNMB2145 mutants of N. meningitidis N. meningitidis H44/76 knock-out mutants of rpoE (NMB2144) and NMB2145 were constructed

using the PCR-ligation-PCR method [79, 80]. All primers used in this study are listed in of Table 1. PCR products were generated with primer pairs CTsE-1/CTsE-2 and CTsE-3/CTsE4 for creating ΔrpoE and primer pairs CT-2145-1/CT2145-2 and CT-2145-3/CT-2145-4 for creating ΔNMB2145, ligated and the ligation products were reamplified with primer pairs CTsE-1/CTsE-4 (for ΔrpoE) and CT-2145-1/CT-2145-4 (for ΔNMB2145). The resulting PCR products were cloned into pCR2.1 (Invitrogen). The EcoRI digested Erm resistance cassette from pAErmC’ [81] was introduced into the created unique MfeI restriction site yielding plasmids pCR2.1-NMB2144 and pCR2.1-NM2145. The ΔrpoE and ΔNMB2145 strains were generated by natural transformation of strain H44/76 with pCR2.1-NMB2144 and pCR2.1-NMB2145 respectively, and selection for Erm resistance. Replacement of NMB2144 and NMB2145 by the Erm cassette was confirmed by PCR with primer pair CTsE-5/CTsE-6 (for ΔrpoE) and primer pair 2144-01/CT-2145-6 for ΔNMB2145. The orientation of the Erm cassette was determined by PCR using primer pair JP19/JP20 and mutant strains in which the transcriptional direction of the Erm cassette was in accordance with the transcriptional direction of the deleted genes were selected.

For strain 3841, mutation of flaE and flaH resulted in a reduction in swimming motility,

suggesting that these subunits probably contribute to the flagellar filament. However, FlaE and FlaH peptides were not detected in the wildtype flagellar preparations, indicating Liproxstatin-1 ic50 that these peptides may not be stable under the conditions used. Glycosylation of flagellin subunits We observed that for strain 3841, both the upper and the lower bands on the protein gel contained the same set of flagellin subunits (FlaA, FlaB, and FlaC) (Table 3). The molecular masses (around 35kDa; Additional file 3) of the bands observed on the gel also appeared to be higher than the predicted molecular masses (31kDa) for FlaA and FlaB. This suggests that at least FlaA and FlaB may have undergone post-translational modification, resulting in a higher molecular weight and subsequently slower Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor migration in the protein gel. Analysis

of the flagellin amino acid sequences of R. leguminosarum (Fig. 1 &2) revealed the presence of two to four putative glycosylation signals (N-X-S/T, where X is any amino acid except proline) [55]. The MS/MS spectral data for the identified peptides containing the glyosylation signal were also analyzed for the presence of glycosylation, based on the presence of peaks (m/z) corresponding to Temozolomide in vivo different types of glycosylation (Additional file 4 shows a sample of a MS/MS spectrum). However, we have not identified any potential glycosylation for these peptides which may be attributed to the lability of this modification

[56, 57]. Also, sequence coverage only ranged from 18% to 46% (Fig. 1 and 2) and peptides at the C-termini of the flagellin subunits were not detected. The C-terminus contains a common glycosylation 6-phosphogluconolactonase site for the R. leguminosarum flagellin subunits but these glycosylations were not detected in the MS/MS analysis, which could be due to the above reason. Thus, we performed glycoprotein staining to determine if the flagellins are post-translationally modified by glycosylation. We observed positive staining for the flagellins of both VF39SM and 3841 suggesting that these flagellins are glycosylated (Fig. 6). We were unable to determine which flagellins are glycosylated because the seven flagellins were not separated on the protein gel. Glycosylation of flagellins has been reported in a number of animal and plant pathogens including Campylobacter jejuni [56, 57], Helicobacter pylori [57, 58], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [59, 60], Pseudomonas syringae [61, 62], Listeria monocytogenes [63, 64], A. tumefaciens [6], Acidovorax avenae [65], as well as in the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azosprillum brasilense [66]. It has been suggested that glycosylation may play a role in flagellar filament assembly and in pathogenesis [67, 68].

This finding agrees with other study where two lactobacilli were able to increase the cell surface expression of TLR5 in HT29 cells to respond to S. Typhimurium [10]. In our model, this receptor could be also implicated in the protective effect of L. casei CRL 431 against see more S. Typhimurium infection. Finally, in our study, it was observed that L. casei CRL 431 oral administration increased TLR9 expression in healthy mice (Figure 3D). Seven days post infection, the increase of TLR9 (+) cells was observed in both groups of mice given probiotic bacteria (Lc-S and Lc-S-Lc), but

not in the infection control (S group), comparing with the untreated control group (C). This finding agrees with several works which affirm that CpG-TLR9 interaction can improve the resistance of normal adult mice to a variety of bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens [36–38], including increased resistance to oral challenge with S. Typhimurium. TLR9 signalling is also required to mediate an anti-inflammatory

effect induced by probiotics, in a mouse colitis model [39]. Conclusions The results of the present work demonstrated the importance of L. casei CRL 431 continuous administration, before and after S. Typhimurium infection, to maintain the mechanisms of protection against this pathogen. L. casei CRL 431 administration before infection maintained the innate immune system in alert state, through modulated Enzalutamide expression of TLRs and cytokine signals in the effector and inductor site of the

gut immune system, which could be related with the protection against S. Typhimurium observed in a previous report. The results from the present work show that once established the disease, the continuous diglyceride L. casei CRL 431 administration protected the host mainly modulating the inflammatory response against the enteropathogen in both effector and inductor sites of the gut. This preliminary study shows some of the immune mechanisms implicated in the protective effect of L. casei CRL 431 againts S. Typhimurium infection. More studies should be performed to validate the use of this probiotic Anlotinib molecular weight strain in the prevention and as a complement to treatments in the defense against salmonellosis. The cellular populations involved in the cytokine production and how TLRs activate the different signals and the transcriptional factors for cytokine production are currently under study. Methods Animals and experimental groups Five-week-old BALB/c mice weighting 22-26 g were obtained from the closed random bred colony maintained at CERELA (Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina). The assays were performed using 3 experimental groups to assess the effect of the preventive or continuous probiotic administration against S. Typhimurium infection comparing with the infection control group (S).

XHX conceived and co-wrote the paper. ALS, FR, WW, GXC, and ZGD participated in the sample characterization. CZJ participated in its design and coordination. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Recently, outstanding achievements have been made in the development of a novel class of uncooled microbolometer infrared (IR) focal plane arrays (FPAs), the ones based on Si-on-insulator diodes as temperature sensors, whose format has reached 2 megapixels with a noise

equivalent temperature difference (NETD) of 60 mK at the frame rate of 15 Hz and the f-number of 1; the same group has also demonstrated a VGA FPA with outstanding NETD of 21 mK (at f/1, 30 Hz) (see, e. g., [1] and earlier articles cited therein). This success, as well Selleck CHIR99021 as previous achievements in this field [2–4], stimulates the search for simple complementary metal-oxide semiconductor CYT387 clinical trial (CMOS)-compatible technological solutions based on diode bolometers which would be suitable for mass production of IR FPAs

with low cost and NETD figures sufficient for many civil applications [5–9]. One of such solutions consists in utilization of metal/poly-Si Schottky barriers for the formation of sets of temperature sensors on bolometer membranes [8, 10]. Schottky barrier bolometer arrays seem to be first proposed theoretically for very sensitive cooled bolometers [11]. In this article, nickel silicide Schottky diodes formed on polycrystalline Si 〈P〉 films are proposed as thermosensitive elements of monolithic uncooled microbolometer IR FPAs. The Copanlisib chemical structure possibility of integration of technological process of the silicide-based Schottky diode structure formation into the standard CMOS technology of VLSI manufacturing [12] as well as the possibility

of cascade connection of Schottky L-NAME HCl diodes to increase the temperature sensitivity of bolometer elements of FPA and the use of layers of the diode structures as absorbing coatings in bolometers are advantages of these structures. Methods Sample preparation and characterization techniques Schottky barriers were formed on commercial single-crystalline Czochralski-grown silicon wafers (ρ=12Ωcm, (100), p-type) coated by about 600-nm-thick layer of SiO2 formed by thermal oxidation and about 180-nm-thick layer of pyrolytic Si3N4 (the dielectric layers simulated a design of the supporting membranes of the previously tested bolometer cells [10, 13, 14]). Films of polycrystalline Si 〈P〉 with the thicknesses of about 150 nm were deposited by thermal decomposition of monosilane at the substrate temperature T s≈620℃; then they were doped with phosphorus by ion implantation (E = 35 keV) to the dose of 5×1015 cm −2 and annealed at 700℃ for 30 min.

The center coordinator of each participating medical institution collected and compiled clinical data in an online case report database. The collected data included the following: (i) MK-2206 in vitro patient and disease characteristics, i.e. patient demographic data, type of infection (nosocomial or community-acquired), severity criteria, and previous antibiotic therapy administered in the 7 days preceding surgery; (ii) origin of infection, surgical procedures

performed, and antibiotic therapies administered; and (iii) microbiological data, i.e. identification of bacteria and microorganismal pathogens within the peritoneal fluid, the identification of yeasts (if present), and the antibiotic susceptibilities of bacterial isolates. This observational study did not attempt to change or modify the laboratory or clinical practices of the participating physicians or their respective institutions, and it did not require

informed consent or formal approval by an Ethics Committee. A Scientific Committee was established to impartially assess the objectives, methodology, and overall scientific quality of the project. The study was monitored by the coordination center, which processed and verified missing or unclear data submitted to the central database. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA® statistical software. Results Patients 2,152 patients with a mean age of 53.8 years (range 4–98) were enrolled in the CIAO Study. 996 patients (46.3%) were women and 1,156 (53.7%) were men. Among these Bcl-2 inhibitor patients, 1,701 (79%) were affected by community-acquired IAIs while the remaining 451 (21%) see more suffered from heathcare-associated infections. Intraperitoneal specimens were collected from 1,338 (62.2%) of the enrolled patients. 787 patients

(36.5%) were affected by generalized peritonitis while 1,365 (63.5%) suffered from localized peritonitis or abscesses. 282 patients (13.1%) were admitted in critical condition (severe sepsis/septic shock). Tables 1, 2 overviews the clinical findings and radiological assessments recorded upon patient admission. Table 1 Clinical Findings Clinical findings Oxalosuccinic acid Patients   n° (%) Abdominal pain 271 (12.6) Abdominal pain, abdominal rigidity 192 (8.9%) Abdominal pain, abdominal rigidità, T>38°C or <36°C, WBC >12,000 or < 4,000 366 (17%) Abdominal pain, abdominal rigidity, T>38°C or <36°C, 70 (3.2) Abdominal pain, abdominal rigidity, WBC >12,000 or < 4,000 445 (20.7%) Abdominal pain, T>38°C or <36°C, 71 (3.3%) Abdominal pain, T>38°C or <36°C, WBC >12,000 or < 4,000 235 (10.9%) Abdominal pain, WBC >12,000 or < 4,000 325 (15.1) T>38°C or <36°C 15 (0.7 %) T>38°C or <36°C, WBC >12,000 or < 4,000 45 (2.0%) Abdominal rigidity, WBC >12,000 or < 4,000 15 (0.7%) Abdominal rigidity 15 (0.7%) Abdominal rigidity, T>38°C or <36°C 22 (1%) WBC >12,000 or < 4,000 32 (1.5%) Not reported 33 (1.

e. grapevine cultivar) have been learn more reported Alvocidib manufacturer to influence the incidence of these trunk diseases (Bertsch et al. 2009;

Surico et al. 2006; Graniti et al. 2000), thereby suggesting that these fungal pathogens are a prerequisite for the expression of the disease symptoms, but are themselves not always responsible for their appearance. In spite of an impressive number of phytopathological studies over the past years, the epidemiology and etiology of grapevine wood diseases remain poorly understood (Bertsch et al. 2009). The assumption that these fungi are latent pathogens implies that they may live asymptomatically for at least part of their life in a plant, but should then, at some point, modify their behavior and become invasive, thereby leading to the expression of the disease symptoms (Verhoeff 1974). A first objective of the present study was to determine which fungal RG7112 cost species modified their latent behavior and became invasive when esca symptoms appear. Secondly, as the contamination of nursery plants is presently one of the major concerns of the wine industry, we also wanted to determine whether the esca-associated fungi were transmitted to nursery plants through

grafting material. In order to achieve these objectives, we analyzed the cultivable part of the fungal community that inhabits the wood of both healthy and esca-symptomatic grapevine plants, as well as the cultivable part of the fungal community that is associated with the wood of nursery plants. In this respect, it is important that

the latter were not hot water treated and were grafted on identical rootstock as adult plants using shoots of apparently healthy material sampled from the same experimental adult vineyard. Materials and methods Grapevine plant selection and isolation of fungal strains from Vitis vinifera wood The Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil (Federal Research Cobimetinib research buy Station in Agronomy, Switzerland) has surveyed a number of vineyards for the presence of esca foliar symptoms and occurrence of apoplexy since 2002. Among these vineyards, we chose a plot of 1134 grapevine plants of a Chasselas cultivar grafted on rootstock 3309 in Perroy (Lavaux) suffering a 5.5 % incidence of esca foliar symptoms in 2009, the year of the experiment (Online Resource 1). Interested by the transition from asymptomatic to symptomatic plants, we sampled only plants expressing the esca foliar symptoms for the first time since the beginning of the vineyard survey, 38 adult plants (15–30 years old), and 69 plants that had not expressed any signs of esca disease since 2002. Interested in the transmission of esca-related fungi during the grafting process, we also isolated fungi from 73 nursery plants made by the vineyard grower himself, who cultivates his own rootstock.

(b) Raman mapping image measured for a SWNT located between electrodes. (c, d) AFM topography profile for SWNT1 and SWNT2, respectively. (e) Raman spectra of the samples and the quartz substrate showing the G-band and the expected position of the D-band (dotted vertical line). The star marks show peaks attributed to the quartz substrate. (f) A Kataura plot of SWNTs optical energy transitions versus diameter showing the resonance region for the scattered photons (from the laser) with the G-band, with a

resonance window of 50 meV. Two SWNTs fall within this region, namely (8,4) and (6,4), which correspond to SWNT1 and SWNT2, respectively. From Figure 3e, it is observed that the G-band’s peaks are located at frequencies 1621 and 1610 cm-1, for SWNT1 and SWNT2, respectively. These values are significantly higher than the reported values of around 1590 cm-1 for SWNTs on thermally grown selleck kinase inhibitor silicon oxide substrates [24]. Similar up-shifts in the G-band have been observed for arrays of SWNTs aligned on ST-cut quartz and were attributed to the strong interaction between the SWNTs and the substrate [14, 15]. However, our results provide a direct correlation between this up-shift in

the G-band and the diameter and chirality of individual SWNTs. Since theoretical [22] and experimental results [25] show that the main Combretastatin A4 peak of the G-band (i.e., the G+ peak associated with longitudinal vibration of carbon atoms along the SWNT) is independent of the diameter and chirality for semiconducting SWNTs, it is concluded that the observed selleck chemical difference between SWNT1 and SWNT2 should be mainly due to the effect of the substrate. It is noted that the mechanism leading to the alignment of the SWNTs on ST-quartz substrates is attributed to a stronger and preferential interaction along the crystallographic direction [100] (x-axis) of the ST-quartz during CVD growth [26, 27]. Based on a simple anisotropic Van der Waals interaction model between the SWNTs and the quartz substrate, Xiao et al. [26] predict an enhancement in

this interaction with decreasing SWNT diameter. However, Ergoloid this is not in agreement with our results, where an increase in interaction (i.e., larger Raman up-shift) is observed with increasing diameter. On the other hand, assuming a shortened C-C bond (i.e., an increase in the force constant) along the SWNT’s axis, experimental and theoretical works predict an up-shift in the G-band frequency [28, 29], and that the effect is enhanced with increasing SWNT diameter and decreasing chiral angle [30, 31]. This is indeed in agreement with our data if we assume that the interaction with the substrate causes a compression of the C-C bond along the SWNT’s axis. It was stipulated that this interaction arises from a difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the SWNTs and quartz substrate when cooling down to room temperature after CVD growth [15].