Appl Environ Microbiol 55(4):897–901 Hiraishi A, Morishima Y, Takeuchi J (1991) Numerical analysis of lipoquinone pattern in monitoring bacterial in wastewater treatment systems. J Gen Appl Microbiol 37:57–70CrossRef Hirshfield HI, Charmatz R, Helson L (1968) Foraminifera in samples taken mainly from Eniwetok Atoll in 1956. J Protozool 15:497–502 Johannes R, Kimmerer W, Kinzie R, Shirona E, Walsh TW (1979) The impact of human activities on Tarawa lagoon. SPC, Noumea Jones CW (1988) Membrane-associated

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acutoconica var. cuspidata (Peck) p53 activator Arnolds (1985a) (see Boertmann 2010). The Japanese H. conica sequences comprise a distinct clade in

our ITS analysis (88 % MLBS). The type species, H. conica, has micromorphology that is typical of subg. Hygrocybe including parallel lamellar trama hyphae that are long and tapered at the ends with oblique septa (Fig. 5). The longest hyphae are rare and are best viewed by teasing the trama hyphae apart in smash P5091 supplier mounts. Fig. 5 Hygrocybe (subg. Hygrocybe) sect. Hygrocybe. Hygrocybe conica lamellar cross section (DJL05TN89). Scale bar = 20 μm Hygrocybe [subg. Hygrocybe sect. Hygrocybe ] subsect. Macrosporae R. Haller Aar. ex Bon, Doc. Mycol. 24(6): 42 (1976). Type species: Hygrocybe acutoconica (Clem.) Singer (1951) [as H. acuticonica Clem.] ≡ Mycena acutoconica Clem., Bot. Surv. Nebraska 2: 38 (1893), = Hygrocybe persistens (Britzelm.) Singer (1940), ≡ Hygrophorus conicus var. persistens Britzelm.

(1890)]. Characters of sect. Hygrocybe; lacking dark staining reactions, though the stipe base may slowly stain gray; surface usually radially fibrillose-silky and viscid or glutinous but some with dry surface even when young; some spore lengths exceed 10 μm. Differs from subsect. Hygrocybe in absence of dark staining reaction and often a smoother pileus surface texture. Phylogenetic support Strong support for subsect. Macrosporae is shown in our ITS analysis (99 % MLBS, with 77 % support as the sister clade to subsect. Hygrocybe; Online Resource 8). Support for this subsection in our other analyses varies depending on whether species in the basal part of the grade are included or excluded. The Hygrocybe acutoconica SB-715992 complex, including H. acutoconica (Clem.) Singer var. acutoconica, collections of this variety from Europe previously referred to as H. persistens (Britzelm.) Singer, and H. acutoconica f. japonica Hongo, form a strongly supported clade (99 % ML and 100 % MPBS in the ITS-LSU; 99 %

MLBS in the ITS), but with weaker support in the Supermatrix analysis (63 % MLBS). Placement of H. spadicea is ambiguous, with strongest support for inclusion in subsect. Macrosporae using ITS (99 % MLBS), ambiguous placement using LSU (Fig. 3 and Online Resource 7) and basal to both subsect. Hygrocybe and Macrosporae in the Supermatrix Tobramycin analysis (Fig. 2). Similarly, both Babos et al. (2011) and Dentinger et al. (unpublished data) show ambiguous placement of H. spadicea lacking significant BS support. In our ITS analysis, H. noninquinans is basal to both subsections (69 % ML BS) making subsect. Macrosporae paraphyletic if included. Similarly, including H. noninquinans makes subsect. Macrosporae paraphyletic in our ITS-LSU analysis as a species in the staining conica group (subsect. Hygrocybe) falls between H. noninquinans and other non-staining spp. with high BS support. The 4-gene backbone analysis places H. noninquinans with H. aff. conica in sect. Hygrocybe with high support (97 % ML, 1.

Measures Information about age and sex was obtained from register data linked to questionnaire responses by means of the unique ten-digit personal identification numbers in Sweden. Information about the participants’ education (university education vs. no university education) and on children living

at home (yes vs. no) was derived from selleck inhibitor survey data. Work-family conflict was measured with a single item measure (‘Do the demands placed on you at work interfere with your home and family life?’). Response alternatives Selleckchem HSP990 ranged from 1 (‘very rarely’) to 5 (‘the whole time’). This measure has been used in several other Swedish studies, where it functioned as a predictor for subjective health, sleep quality and repeated sick-leave spells (Alfredsson et al. 2002; Nylen et al. 2007; Voss et al. 2008). Emotional exhaustion was measured by a five-item subscale from the Maslach Burnout Inventory–General Survey (MBI-GS; Maslach et al. 1996). Response NU7026 ic50 options ranged from 1 (‘Every day’) to 5 (‘A few times a year or less/Never’) and were reversed so that high scores indicated higher levels in emotional exhaustion (Cronbach’s alpha T1 and T2 (α = .87)).

Performance-based self-esteem was measured by a four-item scale by Hallsten et al. (2005). A sample item is ‘My self-esteem is far too dependent on my work achievements’. Response options ranged from 1 (‘fully disagree’) to 5 (‘fully agree’). Higher scores indicated higher performance-based self-esteem (Cronbach’s alpha T1 (α = .85) and T2 (α = .87)).

Statistical analysis To study the cross-lagged relationships between the three constructs, structural equation modelling was used by applying robust maximum-likelihood estimation in LISREL 8.7 (Jöreskog and Sörbom 1996). At each time point, work–family conflict was estimated by one item, emotional exhaustion by five items and performance-based self-esteem by four items. To set the scale of the latent variables, Tenoxicam one factor loading per latent variable was fixed. To ensure that our indicators represented the same construct over time, a longitudinal confirmatory factor analysis was run where several models with increased factorial invariance constraints were compared. First a unconstrained model, where all the paths between indicators and latent variables were specified for the two time points with the same pattern and estimated freely, was tested (Brown 2006; Little et al. 2007). Next, weak factorial invariance was tested by setting the loadings invariant, while the last step contained a test of strong factorial invariance, where additionally the intercepts were specified as invariant (Brown 2006). Results of the longitudinal confirmatory factor analysis give indication if differences over time represent true changes that are not caused by changes in the measurement model (Brown 2006). This pretest allows for more valid conclusions regarding the relations of the tested variables.

Construction and characterization of a flp1-3 mutant of strain 35000HP An unmarked, in frame deletion mutant of the flp1, flp2, and flp3 genes was made in H. ducreyi strain 35000HP using Flippase (FLP) recombinase technology as described previously [8, 9]. Briefly, two 70 bp primers, P1 and P2, were designed for construction of a cassette (Table 2). The 3′ end of each of these primers contained 20 bp complementary to regions 5′ CAL-101 price and 3′ of a spectinomycin

cassette flanked by FLP Recognition Target (FRT) sites in pRSM2832 [8]. The 5′ portion of the P1 and P2 primers were homologous to regions 5′ and 3′ of H. ducreyi flp1 and flp3, respectively. PCR of pRSM2832 with P1 and P2 yielded a 2 Kb amplicon that contained the spectinomycin cassette flanked by FRT sites and 50 bp of DNA homologous

to regions 5′ and 3′ of H. ducreyi flp1 and flp3, respectively. This amplicon was electroporated into E. coli DY380 harboring a cosmid size pBeloBAC clone containing the flp operon and flanking DNA. After induction of λ recombinase in this strain, spectinomycin-resistant clones were isolated. One clone was further characterized to demonstrate that the flp1, -2 and -3 genes were replaced with the spectinomycin cassette, with the exception of the flp1 start codon and the terminal 21 bp of the flp3 ORF. The construct was confirmed by sequence analysis. Table 2 Primers used in this study Primer Sequence P1 Crenigacestat research buy TAACCTAAAAAAACAACATAATTTATTTTATATTTGGAGAAAAAGATATGATTCCGGGGATCCGTCGACC P2 GTATATATGGCACATATAAATTATGTGTTTTATAATCTACCTTTATTGAATGTAGGCTGGAGCTGCTTCG P3 CGGTCACGATGGTTCAATGTCT P4 AGCGTTTGACATCATCACCATACT P5 TGCCTACAGCTCAAGTCACGTAA P6 CCACTCGAAAGCGAAACTTGT P7 CATCTCGAGCGCCACACTATCCAC Ralimetinib P8 CACTCTAGATTATAATCTACCTTT P9 GGCTTAATTGCAGTCGCAGTTGCT

P10 GTGCAGCTTTACCTACTCCTCCTT P11 ACTCCGCAGCTGATGCAATGAAAG P12 CAAGCTTATCGATACCGTCGACCT The pBeloBAC clone containing the insertion/deletion mutation in the flp genes was used as a template for PCR. The amplicon containing the insertionally inactivated Etomidate flp1flp2flp3 genes and approximately 500 bp of flanking DNA 5′ and 3′ to the cassette was ligated into the suicide vector, pRSM2072, and then electroporated into 35000HP. Cointegrates were selected by growth on spectinomycin, then resolved by passage on plates containing spectinomycin and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoly-β-D-galactopyranoside (X-Gal) [24]. Allelic exchange was confirmed by colony PCR. To make an unmarked mutant, the plasmid, pRSM2975, which contains a temperature sensitive replicon, a kanamycin resistance cassette, and FLP recombinase under the control of the tet repressor, was transformed into the mutant [9]. Transformants were selected and maintained at 32°C on chocolate agar containing kanamycin. The FLP recombinase was induced to catalyze excision of the spectinomycin cassette resulting in a short unmarked ORF in place of the flp1, flp2 and flp3 genes and the plasmid was cured as described previously [9].

Moreover, C2 had no influence on PcitCL repression because deletion of C2 did not produce a significant difference in the glucose repression Lazertinib cost index of strains JHS7 (C2 present) and JHS8 (C2 deleted)

(Figure 5). Altogether, these results indicate that cre1 and cre2 are responsible for CCR of the citHO operon, and cre3 is the cis-acting sequence responsible of the repression of the citCL operon. Discussion In this work we demonstrate that citrate metabolism in E. faecalis is under the control of the general carbon catabolic repression mechanism and elucidate the details of the CcpA/selleck chemicals P-Ser-HPr-dependent molecular mechanism. Clearly, our results establish that CcpA-dependent and -independent mechanisms are involved in CCR of the cit operons depending on the repressing sugar employed. We found that the global transcriptional factor CcpA exerts transcriptional regulation via the three active cre sites which allows controlling the expression of the citHO operon as well as the catabolic operon citCL. Band shift assays showed that the P-Ser-HPr-CcpA complex has a higher affinity for cre site C2 than for C1 or C3. Miwa et al. analyzed several cre sites from B. subtilis and concluded that strong similarity of cre sequences to the consensus sequence favors a physiological role and that a more extended palindrome Selleck GM6001 of

cre sequences correlates with stronger repression [30]. Remarkably, Schumacher et al. recently established that P-Ser-HPr-CcpA complex binds to different cres with similar affinities. However, it is important to note that this analysis was performed with P-Ser-HPr-CcpA interacting only with cre sites belonging to different operators [31]. The difference in affinity that we observed between C1, and C2 or C3 might therefore be related to the surrounding sequences of the cre region [32]. This

also might explain why C2, although having the highest affinity for CcpA, seems not to be the dominant cre in repression. Interestingly, analysis of the effect of different before PTS sugars on the cit operons showed significant differences. The presence of lactose in the growth medium produced a strong repressive effect which was completely relieved in the CcpA deficient strain. However, with other PTS sugars, such as glucose, this repressive effect was only partially relieved in the CcpA-defective strain. This result suggests that lactose repression of the cit operons is exclusively mediated via CcpA, whereas for the other sugars CcpA-independent mechanisms seem to exist. This observation prompted us to look for alternative PTS repression mechanisms involved in CCR observed in the cit operons. First, we searched for phosphorylatable domains in the transcriptional regulator CitO that could regulate its activator function in response to their phosphorylation state [33].

Figure 9 Kaplan-Meier curves with univariate analyses (log-rank) for patients with low EPCAM expression versus high EPCAM expression SAR302503 tumors according to regional lymph nodes. Figure 10 Kaplan-Meier curves with univariate analyses (log-rank) for patients with low EPCAM expression versus high EPCAM expression tumors according to TNM stage. Table 4 Correlation

between the expression of EPCAM and prognosis   Low expression of EPCAM High expression of EPCAM χ2 P Intestinal-type 6.9.7% 34.2% 29.15 0.001 Diffuse-type 12.9% 8.6% 37.11 0.001 PN0 78.2% 40.7% 35.77 0.001 PN1 33.1% 15.0% 37.72 0.001 PN2 19.0% 8.6% 17.31 0.001 PN3 4.3% 0% 3.21 0.073 Stage I 89.1% 62.5% 4.89 0.027 Stage Natural Product Library manufacturer II 60.3% 47.4% 7.648 0.006 Stage III 22.2% 12.9% 35.58 0.0001 Stage IV 0% 2.3% 0.268 0.605 Factors with possible prognostic effects in gastric carcinoma were analyzed by Cox regression analysis. The study revealed that depth of invasion (P=0.007), lymph node (P = 0.009) and distant metastasis (P = 0.01), TNM stage (P = 0.008),

expression of L1CAM (P = 0.007), and of EPCAM (P = 0.009) were independent prognostic factors in patients with gastric carcinoma. However, the location of the tumor, tumor size, histological type, differentiation, and vessel invasion had no prognostic value. Association among expression of L1CAM and EPCAM Three hundred and sixteen gastric cancer cases had low expression of both L1CAM and EPCAM; 125 gastric cancer cases had high expression of both L1CAM and EPCAM. L1CAM and EPCAM expressions were significantly correlated (χ2 = 117.0,

P = 0.0001). Cumulative 5-year survival rates of patients with high expression of both L1CAM and EPCAM were significantly lower than in patients with low expression second of both (60.1% vs 11.2%, χ2 = 261.52, P = 0.0001). Discussion Tumor invasion and metastasis is a very complicated and continuous process involving multiple steps, regulated at the molecular level by adhesion molecules, protein catabolic enzymes, cellular growth factors and various angiogenic factors. The L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and was originally identified in the nervous Selleckchem FRAX597 system. Recent studies demonstrated L1CAM expression in various types of cancer, predominantly at the invasive front of tumors and in metastases, which indicates its involvement in advanced stages of tumor progression. Overexpression of L1CAM in normal and cancer cells increases motility, enhances growth rate and promotes cell transformation and tumorigenicity. Moreover, L1CAM expression in tumor cells conferred the capacity to form metastases [9, 10].

The results indicate that unfolding occurs on a fast timescale on the

order of tens of picoseconds once initiated. For comparison, such timescales have been observed GSK2126458 ic50 on local/partial unfolding events of larger protein structures [66, 67]. Figure 3 Simulation snapshots and root mean square displacement (or rmsd; see Equation 1) trajectories. Structures for n = 144 during low- and high-temperature simulations. For low temperature (300 K, bottom), the folded three-loop structure remains stable and is an equilibrated state (indicated by the relatively constant RMSD). Increasing the temperature (750 K, top) induces unfolding, after which the unfolded structure equilibrates (larger variation in RMSD due to the oscillations induced by the momentum learn more of unfolding). Adhesion and torsional barriers A recent CP673451 macroscale investigation has determined that the way these rings behave depends on a single characteristic known as overcurvature [68] or how much more curved the three-loop configuration is than a flat circle of the same circumference. Here, each structure has the same initial overcurvature (equal to three). However, at the molecular scale, where temperature and self-adhesion effects are on the same energetic scale as strain energy, the relationship between curvature and stability is more complex. Indeed, due

to the imposed overcurvature of the three-loop conformation, it could be anticipated that a relaxation of bending strain energy results in the necessary energy to unfold, assuming that Bumetanide the energy is sufficient to overcome the energy barrier due to adhesion and/or torsion (a full twist/rotation is necessary to unfold a looped chain). Beyond the RMSD calculation, we track the associated potential energy of the carbyne system at a given temperature as it either remains stable (and in a three-loop configuration) or unfolds. Representative results are plotted in Figure 4. The given example indicates an energy barrier in the order of 200 kcal mol-1 (for n = 126 and an unfolding temperature of 575 K). For all systems (54 to 180 atoms), the energy barriers were approximately 40 kcal mol-1 (n = 54) to 400 kcal mol-1 (n = 180), indicating a

clear length dependence on the unfolding energy. To explore the magnitude of the absolute energy barrier due to torsion and adhesion, small simulations to explicitly quantify the energy of each contribution were undertaken independently (Figure 5). Figure 4 Representative potential energy evolution for various temperatures ( T  = 100, 300, and 575 K) for n  = 126. Initial heating phase (10 ps) increases energy due to temperature until either the structure remains in a folded, stable equilibrium (100, 300 K) or unfolding is triggered (575 K). Unfolding at the critical temperature is characterized by a drop in energy due to the release of bending strain energy and global increase in curvature. Here, the critical unfolding energy barrier is approximately 217 kcal mol-1.

0. MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis 100–200 pmol of purified lipoprotein were prepared and analyzed according to Ujihara et al. [35]. Briefly, lipoproteins in elution fractions from FPLC or HA chromatography were precipitated and

SDS-PAGE gel was performed. Proteins separated by electrophoresis were visualized with copper staining. find more Protein bands with the apparent molecular weight of apolipoprotein/mature lipoprotein were cut from the stained gel. Lipoproteins were in-gel digested with Trypsin or AspN and extracted peptides were dried and dissolved in 5 μl 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, 50% acetonitrile. Samples were loaded onto the target and covered with 1 μl matrix solution (5 mg ml-1 α-cyano-4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid (Bruker Daltonics) in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, 50% acetonitrile). The MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectra were recorded on an Ultraflex NVP-BGJ398 order II MALDI-TOF/TOF instrument with smartbeam laser upgrade (Bruker Daltonics). The laser was set to a repetition

rate of 100 Hz and the ion acceleration voltage was 29.5 kV. The mass measurements were performed in the positive ion LY2874455 cost reflector mode. Results Lipoproteins are expressed in M. bovis BCG As model substrates for lipoprotein modification in slow-growing mycobacteria we chose four different lipoproteins being identical in M. tuberculosis and in M. bovis BCG Pasteur. The well characterized LppX [12, 36] and LprF [13] in addition to LpqH and LpqL. LppX (Rv2945c) has been shown to be involved in translocation Aurora Kinase of phthiocerol dimycocerosates (DIM) to the outer membrane [36]. LprF (Rv1368) is involved in signaling and has been suggested to interact with the histidine kinase KdpD in response to environmental osmotic stress [37]. LpqH (19 kDa antigen, Rv3763) functions as an adhesin and has been recognized as an immunodominant lipoprotein [38]. LpqL (Rv0418) is predicted to be a lipoprotein aminopeptidase. Hence, our choice of lipoproteins is representing

different classes of lipoproteins. The four expression vectors pMV261-Gm for hexa-histidine/hemagglutinine tagged LprF, LpqH, LpqL or LppX were transformed into M. bovis BCG. Whole cell extracts from the four strains expressing the recombinant lipoproteins were analyzed by Western blot. The apparent molecular masses of the detected proteins correspond to the predicted mass of the recombinant apolipoproteins/mature lipoproteins (LprF 29.4 kDa, LpqH 17.3 kDa, LpqL 54.2 kDa, LppX 26.3 kDa). Eventually the prepro-/pro-lipoprotein forms whose sizes are increased by 2–3 kDa due to the presence of the signal peptide, are also detected. Identification of the lipoprotein lipid anchor in M. bovis BCG To characterize the modifications of lipoproteins at the molecular level, the four recombinant lipoproteins LprF, LpqH, LpqL and LppX were expressed in M. bovis BCG parental strain. Proteins were purified by FPLC or HA affinity chromatography. Eluted fractions were analyzed by Western blot (see Additional file 1) and lipoprotein containing fractions were precipitated for SDS-PAGE gel.

Acknowledgments We thank Akiko Baba and Yoshito Kita for their research assistance. We also acknowledge the financial support by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan through Special Coordiselleck nation Funds for Promoting Science and Technology, as part of the flagship project, “Sustainability Science Education” in the IR3S. References Banas S (2007) A survey of Alvocidib university-based

sustainability science programs. Supplement for the Forum for Sustainability Science Programs Roundtable AAAS 2007 Annual Meeting Calder W, Clugston RM (2003) Progress toward sustainability in higher education. Environmental law reporter 33, Environmental Law Institute, Washington, pp 1003–1023 Copernicus Campus Sustainability Center (2006) Copernicus check details guidelines for sustainable development in the European higher education area: how to incorporate the principles of sustainable development into the Bologna

process. Copernicus Campus, Oldenburg, Germany Government of Japan (2007) Becoming a leading environmental nation in the 21st century: Japan’s strategy for a sustainable society. Government of Japan: cabinet meeting decision Komiyama H, Takeuchi K (2006) Sustainability science: building a new discipline. Sustain Sci 1(1):1–6CrossRef Lattuca LR (2001) Creating interdisciplinary. Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville Martens P (2007) Problem-based learning. Maastricht University, Mimeo Morioka T, Saito Erlotinib research buy O, Yabar H (2006) The pathway to a sustainable industrial society: initiative of the Research Institute for Sustainability Science (RISS) at Osaka University. Sustain Sci 1(1):65–82 Stibbe A (2008) Words and worlds: new directions for sustainability literacy. Lang Ecol 2:1–11 UNCED (1992) Agenda 21,

the United Nations programme of action from Rio. UN Department of Public Information, New York UNU-IAS (2005) Mobilizing for education for sustainable development: towards a global learning space based on regional centres of expertise. United Nations University, Institute of Advanced Studies, Yokohama, Japan Wright TSA (2004) The evolution of environmental sustainability declarations in higher education. In: Corcoran BP, Wals AEJ (eds) Higher education and the challenge of sustainability—problems, promise, and practice. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 7–19CrossRef Footnotes 1 This observation is based on our own research through the Internet, as official information was not available.   2 The IR3S, started in April 2005, is a 5-year project funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan. The mission of the IR3S is to establish sustainability science by promoting activities in three fields; research, education, and cooperation with industries in sustainability. The University of Tokyo is the main bronchus and Hokkaido University, Kyoto University, Ibaraki University, and Osaka University are the participating universities.

However, the photocatalysis properties of CdS microparticles-graphene composites (G/M-CdS) have not been really reported previously. Herein, we synthesized the G/M-CdS composites by one-step

hydrothermal method. Its practical application potential in the removal of dyes from aqueous solution was investigated. As indicated previously, organic dyes are widely used in various fields, which are the main organic pollutant source in water. These dyes own the same feature on structure in that benzene rings are included. Therefore, in order to evaluate the adsorption performance and photocatalytic activity of the G/M-CdS, one representative organic dye including benzene rings should be chosen. Rhodamine Ruboxistaurin manufacturer B (Rh.B) is a chemical compound and a typical dye, which is often used as a tracer dye within water and is used extensively in biotechnology applications. Thus, Rh.B was selected as model organic pollutant in this work. The results exhibit that the G/M-CdS composites possesses very efficient adsorption and photodegradation ability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to treat wastewater with large CdS particle/graphene

composites. Methods All the chemicals and reagents were of analytical purity and used without further purifications. CdCl2 · 2.5H2O, Na2S2O3 · 5H2O and Rh.B were purchased from Aladdin. Water used in all experiments was doubly distilled and purified by a Milli-Qsystem (Billerica, MA, USA). Transmission electron microscopy GW786034 mw (TEM) images were obtained using a JEOL2010 transmission electron microscope (Akishima-shi, Japan). The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were

performed using a D-MAXIIA X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku, Shibuya-ku, Japan) with CuKa radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å). The concentrations of dye solutions were measured using a UV-2501 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). Graphite oxide (GO) was synthesized from natural graphite powder (spectral requirement, Shanghai Chemicals, Shanghai, China) according to a modified Hummers method. The G/M-CdS composite was prepared according to previous reports [32, 33]. Typically, 9 mg of GO was dispersed in 30 mL of deionized water by ultrasonication for 1 h. Then 1.5 mmol CdCl2 · 2.5H2O was added followed by 30-min stirring. Subsequently, 1.5 mmol Na2S2O3 · 5H2O was added. After Mirabegron 15-min stirring, the solution was transferred into a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave (50 mL) and reacted under 160°C for 10 h. After cooling to room selleck chemicals temperature, the obtained solution was then centrifuged and washed by deionized water several times. Finally, the formed G/M-CdS composites were dried in a vacuum drier. For comparison, CdS microparticles (MPs) were also synthesized under the same reaction condition without adding GO. Adsorption experiments were carried out in the dark. Rh.B was selected as an adsorbate, and G/M-CdS were used as adsorbents.