In red deer and fallow Luminespib chemical structure deer, one piece of the tonsils and head lymphnode samples, always containing at least half left and half right medial retropharyngeal lymph node, were submitted for culture. Due to logistic and budget constraints, no thoracic or abdominal lymphoid tissues were cultured except when TB-compatible macroscopic lesions were evidenced. Table 1 Mycobacterial identification and molecular typing results by

species and sampling site within Doñana National Park (DNP), Spain (CR Coto del Rey; SO Los Sotos; EB Estación Biológica; PU El Puntal; MA Marismillas; see Figure 1 on molecular typing patterns and Figure 6 on regions within DNP).       Mycobacteria Other Than Tuberculosis (MOTT) Mycobacterium bovis Host Site n M. scr. M. int. M. xen. M. int. Total MOTT A1 A3 B2 B5 C1 D4 E1 F1 Total M. bovis Wild boar CR 14           12             1 13   SO 18 3       3 8           2   10   EB 31 2 6   3 11 5   2           7   PU 29 1     5 6 7   12

          19   MA 32           5   7 1         13   Total 124 6 6   8 20 37   21 1     2 1 62 Red deer CR 35           8 1       1     10   SO 35 6     1 7 8       1       9   EB 12       1 1 2   1           3   PU 3           1   1           2   MA 10       1 1                     Total 95 6     3 9 19 1 2   1 learn more 1     24 Fallow deer CR 36 2       2 7           1   8   SO 35 9   1   10 8         2     10   EB 9 3     1 4 2               2   PU 5 2       2 1               1   MA 15                               Total 100 16   1 1 18 18           3   21   TOTAL 319 28 6 1 12 47 74 1 23 1 1 1 5 1 107 M. scr. = Mycobacterium Carbohydrate scrofulaceum; M. int. = Mycobacterium interjectum, M. xen. = Mycobacterium xenopi, M. int. = Mycobacterium intracellulare Table 2 Infection with Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacteria Other Than Tuberculosis (MOTT), or M. bovis/MOTT co-infection in wildlife hosts from Doñana National Park, Spain.   MOTT pos MOTT neg Host M. bovis pos M. bovis neg M. bovis pos M. bovis neg Red deer 1 8 26 60 Fallow deer 3 15 19 63 Wild boar 4 16 57 47 Figure 1 Doñana National Park, Spain. Park boundary is marked by a solid line. From north to south: CR Coto del

Rey; SO Los Sotos; EB Estación Biológica; PU El Puntal; MA Marismillas. Shadowed areas are marshlands used as cattle pastures (Marisma de Hinojos and Las Nuevas). Symbols show sampling sites for wild boar (squares), fallow deer (circles) and red deer (triangles). Social groups were defined as animals sampled the same day at the same site, and with characteristics that were compatible with forming a stable (e.g. female-yearling) or seasonal (e.g. rut mixed) group. Only part of the individuals belonging to a given social group was sampled. Sampling was performed according to European (86/609) and Spanish laws (RD 223/1988; RD 1021/2005), and current guidelines for ethical use of animals in research (ASAB, 2006) and UCLM animal experimentation committee.

J Coastal Res 14:140–160 Kelman I, West JJ (2009) Climate change and small island developing states: a critical review. Ecol Environ Anthropol 5:1–16 Kench PS (2012) Compromising reef island shoreline dynamics: legacies of the engineering paradigm in the Maldives. In: Cooper JAG, Pilkey OH (eds) Pitfalls of shoreline stabilization: selected case studies. Springer, Dordrecht. Coastal Research Library, vol 3,

pp 165–186 Kench PS, Cowell PJ (2001) The morphological response of atoll islands to sea-level rise: part 2: application of the modified shoreface translation model Selleck AG 14699 (STM). J Coast Res SI 34:645–656 Kench PS, McLean RF, Nichol SL (2005) New model of reef-island evolution: Maldives, Indian Ocean. Geology 33:145–148CrossRef Kench PS, McLean RF, Brander RW, Nichol SL, Smithers SG, Ford MR, Parnell KE, Aslam M (2006) Geological effects of tsunami on mid-ocean atoll islands: the Maldives before and after the Sumatran tsunami. Geology 34:177–180CrossRef Kostaschuk R, Terry J, Raj R (2001) Tropical cyclones and floods in Fiji. Hydrol Sci J 46:435–450CrossRef

Krastel S, Schmincke HU, Jacobs CL, Rihm R, Le Bas TM, Alibés B (2001) Submarine landslides around the Canary Islands. J Geophys Res 106(B3): 3977–3997 Lata S, Nunn P (2011) Misperceptions of climate-change risk as barriers to climate-change adaptation: a case study from the Rewa Delta, Fiji. Clim Change 110:169–186CrossRef Decitabine cost Le Friant A, Boudon G, Komorowski JC, Heinrich P, Semet MP (2006) Potential flank-collapse of Soufriere volcano, Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles? Nat Hazards 39:381–393CrossRef Le Friant A, Boudon G, Arnulf A, Robertson REA (2009) Debris avalanche deposits offshore St. Vincent (West Indies): impact of flank-collapse events on the morphological evolution of the island. J Volcanol Geoth Res 179:1–10CrossRef Leuliette EW, Nerem RS, Mitchum GT (2004) Calibration of TOPEX/Poseidon

and Jason altimeter data to construct a continuous record of mean sea level change. Mar Geodesy 27:79–94CrossRef Louvat P, Allègre CJ (1997) Present denudation rates on the island of Réunion determined by river geochemistry: basalt weathering and mass budget between chemical and mechanical erosion. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61:3645–3669CrossRef Maragos JE, Baines GBK, Beveridge PJ (1973) Tropical Palbociclib clinical trial Cyclone Bebe creates new land formation on Funafuti Atoll. Science 181:1161–1164CrossRef Massel SR, Gourlay MR (2000) On the modelling of wave breaking and set-up on coral reefs. Coast Eng 39:1–27CrossRef McAdoo BG, Moore A, Baumwell J (2009) Indigenous knowledge and the near field population response during the 2007 Solomon Islands tsunami. Nat Hazards 48:73–82CrossRef McClanahan T, Polunin N, Done T (2002) Ecological states and the resilience of coral reefs. Conserv Ecol 6(2):18. http://​www.​consecol.​org/​vol6/​iss2/​art18. Accessed 11 September 2012 McKee ED (1959) Storm sediments on a Pacific atoll.

0%

ethidium bromide-stained agarose gel and visualized with ultraviolet light. Gels were photographed and the bands were scanned as digital peaks. Areas of the peaks were then calculated in arbitrary units with a digital imaging system (Photo-documentation system, Model IS-1000; Alpha Innotech Co., San Leandro, CA, USA). To evaluate the relative expression levels of target genes in the RT-PCR, the expression value of the normal pooled liver tissues was used as JQ1 datasheet a normalizing factor and a relative value was calculated for each target gene amplified in the reaction. Non-expression in any of the studied genes was considered if there was a complete absence, or more than a 75% decrease in the intensity of the desired band in comparison to the band of normal pooled liver tissue [24, 25]. Samples were assayed in batches that included both cases and controls. The absence of bands was confirmed by repeating the RT-PCR twice at different days and by consistent presence of β-actin gene amplification

[32]. Immunohistochemistry Protein expression of the studied proteins was assessed using the following monoclonal antibodies Fas (C236), FasL (sc-56103), Bcl-2 (sc-56016), and Bcl-xL (sc-8392) (all from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, GDC-0068 cell line inc. Germany). Briefly, from each tumor block, a hematoxylin and eosin-stained slide was microscopically examined to confirm the diagnosis and select representative tumor areas. Tissue cores with a diameter of 1.5 mm were punched from the original block and arrayed in triplicate on 2 recipient paraffin blocks. Five μm sections of these tissue array blocks were cut and placed on positive charged slides to be used for IHC analysis. Sections from tissue microarrays were deparaffinized, re-hydrated through a series of graded alcohols, and processed using the

avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase methods. Diamino-benzidine was used as a chromogen and Mayer hematoxylin as a nuclear counterstain. Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase A case of follicular lymphoma was used as a positive control for Bcl-2, Fas and FasL whereas a case of colon cancer was used as a control for Bcl-xL. Results were scored by estimating the percentage of tumor cells showing characteristic cytoplasmic immunostaining for all examined markers [33]. Protein expression was classified compared to normal hepatic tissue samples. Positive expression was further classified according to the level of expression into mild: ≥ 10%- < 25%, moderate: ≥ 25%- < 50% and high expression: ≥ 50% but during statistical analysis they were broadly classified into negative or positive expression.

These findings not only demonstrate that pure CdS shows tunable RTFM, but also suggest that introduction of sulfur vacancies can be a significant way to mediate Selleckchem Autophagy Compound Library the d 0 FM. Acknowledgements This work is supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (grant no. 2012CB933101), the NSFC (grant nos. 11034004 and 51202101), the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (grant no. 50925103), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (no. lzujbky-2012-28). References 1.

Ohno H, Shen A, Matsukura F, Oiwa A, Endo A, Katsumoto S, Lye Y: (Ga, Mn)As: a new diluted magnetic semiconductor based on GaAs. Appl Phys Lett 1996, 69:363.CrossRef 2. Dave N, Pautler LY294002 BG, Farvid SS, Radovanovic PV: Synthesis and surface control of colloidal Cr3+-doped SnO2 transparent

magnetic semiconductor nanocrystals. Nanotechnology 2010, 21:134023.CrossRef 3. Wu ZY, Chen FR, Kai JJ, Jian WB, Lin JJ: Fabrication, characterization and studies of annealing effects on ferromagnetism in Zn1−xCoxO nanowires. Nanotechnology 2006, 17:5511–5518.CrossRef 4. Jin Z, Murakami M, Fukumura T, Matsumoto Y, Ohtomo A, Kawasaki M, Koinuma H: Combinatorial laser MBE synthesis of 3d ion doped epitaxial ZnO thin films. J Cryst Growth 2000, 214:55–58.CrossRef 5. Cho YM, Choo WK, Kim H, Kim D, Ihm YE: Effects of rapid thermal annealing on the ferromagnetic properties of sputtered Zn1-x(Co0.5Fe0.5)xO thin films. Appl Phys Lett 2002, 80:3358–3360.CrossRef 6. Kaminski A, Sarma SD: Polaron percolation in diluted HSP90 magnetic semiconductors. Phys Rev Lett 2002, 88:247202.CrossRef 7. Coey JMD, Venkatesan M, Fitzgerald CB: Donor impurity band exchange in dilute ferromagnetic oxides. Nat Mater 2005, 4:173–179.CrossRef 8. Venkatesan M, Fitzgerald CB, Coey

JMD: Thin films: unexpected magnetism in a dielectric oxide. Nature 2004, 430:630.CrossRef 9. Huang LM, Århammar C, Moysés AC, Silvearv F, Ahuja R: Tuning magnetic properties of In2O3 by control of intrinsic defects. Europhys Lett 2010, 89:47005.CrossRef 10. Kapilashrami M, Xu J, Rao KV, Belova L, Carlegrim E, Fahlman M: Experimental evidence for ferromagnetism at room temperature in MgO thin films. J Phys Condens Matter 2010, 22:345004.CrossRef 11. Xing G, Wang D, Yi J, Yang L, Gao M, He M, Yang J, Ding J, Sum TC, Wu T: Correlated d0 ferromagnetism and photoluminescence in undoped ZnO nanowires. Appl Phys Lett 2010, 96:112511.CrossRef 12. Wang C, Wu Q, Ge HL, Shang T, Jiang JZ: Magnetic stability of SnO2 nanosheets. Nanotechnology 2012, 23:075704.CrossRef 13. Coey JMD, Venkatesan M, Stamenov P, Fitzgerald CB, Dorneles LS: Magnetism in hafnium dioxide. Phys Rev B 2005, 72:024450.CrossRef 14. Coey JMD: d0 ferromagnetism. Solid State Sci 2005, 7:660–667.CrossRef 15. Nguyen HH, Joe S, Virginie B: Observation of ferromagnetism at room temperature in ZnO thin films. J Phys Condens Matter 2007, 19:036219.CrossRef 16.

Glycolipids also function as acceptors of the glycerol-phosphate polymer during LTA synthesis, although the exact mechanism underlying this process is still under investigation [10]. If the processive glycosyltransferase YpfP is inactivated in Staphylococcus aureus, DAG instead NU7441 mw of DGlcDAG is utilized as a building block in LTA synthesis, suggesting that glycolipids are not essential acceptors of the LTA polymer [12, 13]. A second glycosyltransferase (EF 2890) is located immediately downstream of bgsA. To our knowledge, the

function of this gene locus of E. faecalis or its homologues in streptococci is still unknown. In the current study, we report the construction of a deletion mutant of EF_2890 that we designated bgsB and studied the role of glycolipid metabolism in LTA biosynthesis and bacterial physiology. Results Construction of a deletion mutant see more of the glycosyltransferase bgsB Immediately downstream from bgsA, we identified a putative 1,2-diacylglycerol 3-glucosyltransferase (TIGR number EF2890) by basic local alignment search tool (BLASTP) search (Figure 1). This glycosyl-transferase shows homology to YP_001620482.1 of Acholeplasma laidlawii (identity 34%, similarity

55%) [14] and to Lmo2555 of Listeria monocytogenes (identity 23%, similarity 41%) [15]. We designated this gene bgsB. To study the requirement of bgsB for glycolipid production, LTA synthesis, and bacterial physiology, we constructed a deletion mutant by targeted mutagenesis using the strategy previously applied for the bgsA deletion mutant. Unmarked deletions were created by allelic Low-density-lipoprotein receptor kinase exchange, and all gene deletions were confirmed by PCR. In the resulting mutant, an internal fragment of 790 bp was deleted from the bgsB gene (Figure 1). Single gene reconstitution of bgsB in E. faecalis 12030ΔbgsB completely restored the wild-type phenotype, including the glycolipid expression profile in cell membrane

extracts (Figure 2) and biofilm formation (Figure 3). Figure 1 Biosynthesis of glycolipids in E. faecalis. A Genetic organization of the bgs-locus in E. faecalis. The numbers refer to the primers described in Table 2. bgsB has a length of 1224 bp. A putative transcriptional terminator is found 10 bases downstream of bgsB. B Putative biosynthetic pathway of glycolipid synthesis in E. faecalis. C Structure of E. faecalis glycolipids. The position of 18:1 and 16:0 fatty acids has not been determined [5]. Figure 2 Thin-layer chromatography of cell-membrane total lipid extracts of E. faecalis strains. Bacterial cells were grown overnight, disintegrated, and stirred with butanol. Membrane lipids were extracted from butanol by phase partition according to Bligh and Dyer.

Available data remain inconsistent, e.g., Mutlu et al. found considerably lower serum Zn and Mg levels, but not Cu concentration, in osteoporotic women, however, their study was based only on DXA examination of the femoral neck [59]. In our tooth wear patients, we report a site-specific relationship between decreased copper content in enamel and reduced BMD in the lumbar spine region. Interestingly, both patients

and MS-275 price controls (even considering a limited number of the controls) had suboptimal and similar copper intakes from diets, and did not differ in serum or salivary Cu concentrations, but only those with severe tooth wear demonstrated lower spinal BMD. This finding may reflect strictly local mechanisms of Cu deficits responsible for deleterious metabolism in hard tissues. Furthermore, this association may have appeared due to intensive bone turnover more pronounced in trabecular bones of vertebrae than in long bones. Both animal studies [49] and an interesting AZD2014 in vitro historical study using human bone samples obtained from autopsies [60] supported our observation. We acknowledge that the excessive enamel erosion accompanied by unusual abrasive processes,

both being core issues in tooth wear, could not be directly compared with porosity or trabecular thinning in bone, which appear essential in osteoporosis. Nevertheless, there is a lot of analogy regarding the final outcome indicating similar impairment

of the quality and strength on the tissue level. A limitation of our study results from methodological aspects, i.e., the use of quantitative DXA method which is regarded only a surrogate of bone strength or quality. Thus, it is possible that bone biopsies, histomorphometry or high-resolution QCT of the skeleton, might detect true associations between trace element content and structure of bone, but those methods were unavailable. Moreover, the complexity of the interrelationships between micronutrients and their metabolic effects Decitabine cell line justifies certain controversies regarding the causal pathways and contribution of a single trace element to BMD, bone quality, or enamel structure and resistance. These limitations, however, do not detract from our main findings. In conclusion, our data suggest that severe tooth wear is associated with an increased risk of reduced BMD in adults, with an effect expressed particularly in the lumbar spine. As enamel is low in copper content in the individuals with tooth wear, there is a possibility that defective metabolism of this trace element may contribute to coincidence of the two conditions. Nonetheless, larger prospective studies are needed to determine whether copper plays a role in bone pathophysiology in tooth wear patients and to elucidate whether systematic supplementation of copper would alleviate decline in BMD and precocious enamel abrasion. Conflicts of interest None.

05). These data obviously showed that upresgulation of miR-451 might effectively enhance the sensitivity of A549 cells to DDP. Figure 5 Effect of miR-451 upregulation on the in

vitro sensitivity of A549 cells to DDP. A. Effects of various concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 μg/ml) of DDP on cells (mock A549, A549/miR-NC or A549/miR-451) for 12 h assessed by MTT assay. B. Effects of 5 μg/ml DDP on cells (mock A549, A549/miR-NC or A549/miR-451) for varied time length (0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h) evaluated by MTT assays. C. Effects of 5 μg/ml DDP on colony formation of cells (mock A549, A549/miR-NC or A549/miR-451). All experiments were performed in triplicate, * P < 0.05. Upregulation of miR-451 enhances DDP-induced apoptosis of A549 cells The precise underlying mechanisms by which upregulation https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sorafenib.html of miR-451 enhances chemosensitivity of A549 cells to DDP were further investigated. Then, the apoptosis was detected by flow cytometric assay. As shown in Figure 6A, the apoptotic rare of A549/miR-451 treated with 5 μg/ml DDP was increased by approximately 11.7% in comparison with mock A549 cells treated with 5 μg/ml DDP (P < 0.05). However, the apoptotic rate of A549/miR-NC cells treated with DDP showed no significant difference compared with that of mock A549 cells treated with DDP (P > 0.05). Figure 6B showed the results of AnnexinV-FITC apoptosis

detection assay, which HDAC inhibitor confirmed the results of flow cytomeric assay. Finally, the activity of caspase-3 was also determined by colorimetric assay.

As shown in Figure 6C, the caspase-3 activity in A549/miR-451 Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase cells treated with DDP remarkably increased by approximately 308% compared that mock A549 or A549/miR-NC cells treated with DDP (P < 0.05). Therefore, upregulation of miR-451 might increase DDP chemosensitivity of A549 cells by enhancing DDP-induced apoptosis. Figure 6 Effect of combined miR-451 upregulation with DDP (5 μg/ml) on apoptosis of A549 cells. A. Flow cytometry analysis of apoptosis in mock A549, A549/miR-NC or A549/miR-451 cells. B. Hoechst staining analysis of apoptosis in mock A549, A549/miR-NC or A549/miR-451 cells. C. Analysis of relative caspase-3 activity in mock A549, A549/miR-NC or A549/miR-451 cells. All experiments were performed in triplicate. Upregulation of miR-451 increases in vivo chemosensitivity of A549 cells to DDP To explore whether upregulation of miR-451 on chemosensitivity of A549 cells to DDP in vivo, s.c. tumors were developed in nude mice followed by treatment with DDP or PBS. As shown in Figure 7A, the tumors formed from A549/miR-451cells grew significantly slower than those from A549/miR-NC after the treatment with DDP. At 28 days after inoculation, the average tumor volume of A549/miR-451 cells (212 ± 36 mm3) was significantly lower than that of A549/miR-NC (323 ± 13 mm3) following DDP treatment (P < 0.05; Figure 7B).

Sometimes oral NSAIDs drugs are restrictedly applied mainly for the reason to stimulate patient’s gastric mucosa. Intravenous flurbiprofen axetil injection could avoid this side effect. In all of 1089 cases, the side effect incidence rate was very low about 2.9% [18]. Most side effects were in gastrointestinal tract such as nausea, vomit, diarrhoea or in neuropsychosis such as fever, fear cold, Sorafenib price sleepiness, etc. Few cases expressed as subcutaneous bleeding or pain in the injecting site. Perhaps our cases were insufficient,

no side effect of flurbiprofen axetil was found in this study. Conclusion In general, cancer pain is considered as chronic. The pain intensity ranges from mild to severe and present for a long time. Harmless approach to therapy such as by oral or by cutaneous are suggested by WHO. But, for some reasons as constipation and psychosomatic symptoms, there has many patients whose can not take drugs by oral, or can not be used cutaneous anaesthetic drugs, intravenous flurbiprofen axetil could exactly remedy the anaesthetic drug’s shortcoming, and let itself to be an important switch drug. Acknowledgements The authors thank other staffs working in the department of medical oncology,

the first affiliated hospital of Anhui medical university for they supported our work. References 1. Villars P, Dodd M, West C, Koetters T, Paul SM, Schumacher K, Tripathy D, Koo BAY 80-6946 mouse P, Miaskowski C: Differences in the prevalence and severity of side effects based on type of analgesic prescription in patients with chronic cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 2007, 33: 67–77.CrossRefPubMed 2. Fallon M, McConnell S: The principles of cancer pain management. Clin Med 2006, 6: 136–139.PubMed Edoxaban 3. Roszkowski MT, Swift JQ, Hargreaves KM: Effect of NSAID administration on tissue levels of immunoreactive prostaglandin E2, leukotriene B4, and (S)-flurbiprofen following extraction of impacted third molars. Pain 1997, 73:

339–345.CrossRefPubMed 4. Karasawa F, Ehata T, Okuda T, Satoh T: Propofol injection pain is not alleviated by pretreatment with flurbiprofen axetil, a prodrug of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. J Anesth 2000, 14: 135–137.CrossRefPubMed 5. Yamashita K, Fukusaki M, Ando Y, Fujinaga A, Tanabe T, Terao Y, Sumikawa K: Preoperative administration of intravenous flurbiprofen axetil reduces postoperative pain for spinal fusion surgery. J Anesth 2006, 20: 92–95.CrossRefPubMed 6. Mizuno J, Sugimoto S, Kaneko A, Tsutsui T, Tsutsui T, Zushi N, Machida K: Convulsion following the combination of single preoperative oral administration of enoxacine and single postoperative intravenous administration of flurbiprofen axetil. Masui 2001, 50: 425–428.PubMed 7.

Chem List 2004, 98:324–327. 27. Stengl DZNeP mouse V, Subrt J, Bakardjieva S: Chemically modified mica. Chem List 2002, 97:45–48. 28. Stengl V, Subrt J, Karas M: Method of delamination of layered minerals and materials. CZ 290420 B6 2002. 29. Stengl V: Preparation of graphene by using an intense cavitation field in a pressurized ultrasonic reactor. Chemistry 2012, 18:14047–14054.CrossRef 30. Stengl V, Popelkova D, Vlacil P: TiO 2 -graphene nanocomposite as high performace photocatalysts. J Phys Chem C 2011, 115:25209–25218.CrossRef 31. Stengl V, Bakardjieva S, Grygar TM, Bludska J, Kormunda M: TiO 2 -graphene oxide nanocomposite as advanced photocatalytic materials. Chem Cent J 2013, 7:1–12.CrossRef 32. Stengl V, Cerny

Z, Bludska J: Method of preparation of single-layer particles. Czech rep; 2013. [PV OTX015 in vitro 2013–620] 33. Nag A, Raidongia K, Hembram KPSS, Datta R, Waghmare UV, Rao CNR: Graphene analogues of BN: novel synthesis and properties. ACS Nano 2010, 4:1539–1544.CrossRef 34. He JL, Tian YJ, Yu DL, Wang TS,

Xiao FR, Li AD, Li DC, Peng YG, Li L: Chemical synthesis of crystalline hexagonal B-C-N compound. J Mater Sci Lett 2061–2063, 2000:19. 35. Yan SC, Li ZS, Zou ZG: Photodegradation performance of g-C 3 N 4 fabricated by directly heating melamine. Langmuir 2009, 25:10397–10401.CrossRef 36. Hummers WS, Offeman RE: Preparation of graphitic oxide. J Am Chem Soc 1958, 80:1339–1339.CrossRef 37. JCPDS: JCPDS PDF-2 Database. International Centre for Diffraction Data. Newtown Square: Roflumilast JCPDS; 2004.

38. Sakintuna B, Yürüm Y, Çetinkaya S: Evolution of carbon microstructures during the pyrolysis of Turkish Elbistan lignite in the temperature range 700 − 1000°C. Energy Fuel 2004, 18:883–888.CrossRef 39. Saner B, Okyay F, Yurum Y: Utilization of multiple graphene layers in fuel cells. 1. An improved technique for the exfoliation of graphene-based nanosheets from graphite. Fuel 2010, 89:1903–1910.CrossRef 40. Thomas A, Fischer A, Goettmann F, Antonietti M, Muller J-O, Schlogl R, Carlsson JM: Graphitic carbon nitride materials: variation of structure and morphology and their use as metal-free catalysts. J Mater Chem 2008, 18:4893–4908.CrossRef 41. Kurdyumov AV, Zelyavskii VB, Ostrovskaya NF, Borimchuk NI, Yarosh VV, Gromyko SN, Yarosh NV: Nature of the real structure of graphite-like BN and its transformation into a wurtsite modification under impact compression. Powder Metall Met Ceram 1995, 33:501–504.CrossRef 42. Sun G, Gao F, Hou L: Fabrication of boron carbonitride (BCN) nanotubes and giant fullerene cages. Can J Chem 2010, 88:1256–1261.CrossRef 43. Krause M, Bedel L, Taupeau A, Kreissig U, Munnik F, Abrasonis G, Kolitsch A, Radnoczi G, Czigany Z, Vanhulsel A: Structural and mechanical characterization of BC x N y thin films deposited by pulsed reactive magnetron sputtering. Thin Solid Films 2009, 518:77–83.CrossRef 44. Banhart F: Irradiation effects in carbon nanostructures. Rep Prog Phys 1999, 62:1181.CrossRef 45.

His never failing force of will and sense of humor enabled him to keep going. He stayed abreast of developments

in the field, attending Gordon Conferences and international meetings. In 2005, his scientific colleagues recognized him when they asked him to chair the Eastern Regional Photosynthesis Conference. His choice of invited speakers gave evidence of how closely he followed seminal research efforts in the area. He attended Galunisertib datasheet all but one of the Eastern Regional Photosynthesis Conferences during the past 25 years including the meeting in 2008, just a few weeks before his final illness. Tom Punnett was a history and archeology buff, an avid connoisseur of classical music, and an enthusiastic gardener. He grew up sailing on Lake Erie, which inspired a life-time passion both for sailing and for the natural environment. Combined with his scientific interests, these led him to an early appreciation of ecology and the need for environmental protection. In the days of the Cold War and nuclear threat, he helped to found the Rochester Committee for Scientific Information, an early environmental action and study group. In Philadelphia he was active in the Sierra Club, learn more providing technical information on issues such as water quality. His zest for life was evident in everything he did, from playing with his grandchildren

to playing the stock market. He was a competitive sailor, racing his 14-foot dinghy with any available family member as crew (Fig. 5). N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase He built and raced a wooden Sunfish, “frostbiting” in the now defunct Schuylkill Sailing Association mid-winter regattas and serving as Commodore of the same for several years. Already into his retirement, he discovered a weekly pick-up soccer game on Temple’s athletic fields and quickly became a regular. He scored the first three goals of his life on his 78th birthday. The signed soccer ball still sits above the desk in his study. Fig. 5 Tom and Hope Punnett in their sail boat in 1996; the

child is Yitzhak Goldberg, their oldest grandson In conclusion, all of us have been most impressed by Tom’s resiliency: His unbridled enthusiasm for research and teaching provided a wonderful academic foundation for all of his students, colleagues and all those who came in contact with him at scientific meetings. Nothing dampened his spirit. He is survived by his wife of 58 years, Hope Handler Punnett (Fig. 6), Emeritus Professor of Pediatrics, Temple University School of Medicine; 3 daughters, Laura Punnett (one of the authors of this Tribute), Professor of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Susan Punnett, Director, Family and Youth Initiative; Jill Goldberg, flautist, engineer and technical writer; and his seven grandchildren, Lynn, Hanni, Yitzhak, Sam, Efraim, Rafael, and Ruhama.