Mice selectively deficient in renal proximal tubule S1P(1)Rs (S1P(1)R(f/f) PEPCKCre/-) were not protected against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by CCPA. Mechanistically, CCPA increased nuclear translocation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha in HK-2 cells and selective hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha

inhibition blocked A(1)AR-mediated induction of SK1. PSI-7977 in vivo Thus, proximal tubule SK1 has a critical role in A(1)AR-mediated protection against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Kidney International (2012) 82, 878-891; doi:10.1038/ki.2012.224; published online 13 June 2012″
“Background. The DSM-IV symptomatic criteria for major depression (MD) derive primarily from clinical experience with modest empirical support.

Method. The sample studied included 1015 (518 males, 497 females) Caucasian twins from a population-based registry who met criteria Sapanisertib concentration for MD in the year prior to the interview. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to compare the associations of : (1) single symptomatic criterion, (2) two groups of

criteria reflecting cognitive and neurovegetative symptoms, with a wide range of potential validators including demographic factors, risk for future episodes, risk of MD in the co-twin, characteristics of the depressive episode, the pattern of co-morbidity and personality traits.

Results. The individual symptomatic criteria showed widely varying associations with the pattern of co-morbidity, personality traits, features of the depressive episode and demographic characteristics. When examined separately, these two criteria groups showed robust differences in their Carbachol patterns of association, with the validators with the cognitive criteria generally producing stronger associations than the neurovegetative.

Conclusions. Among depressed individuals, individual DSM-IV symptomatic criteria differ substantially in their predictive relationship with a range of clinical validators. These results

challenge the equivalence assumption for the symptomatic criteria for MD and suggest a more than expected degree of ‘covert’ heterogeneity among these criteria. Part of this heterogeneity is captured by the distinction between cognitive versus neurovegetative symptoms, with cognitive symptoms being more strongly associated with most clinically relevant characteristics. Detailed psychometric evaluation of DSM-IV criteria is overdue.”
“Background. Severity is an important characteristic of major depression (MD) and an ‘episode specifier’ in DSM-IV classifying depressive episodes as ‘mild’, ‘moderate’ or ‘severe’. These severity subtypes rely on three different measures of severity : number of criteria symptoms, severity of the symptoms and degree of functional disability. No prior empirical study has evaluated the coherence and validity of the DSM-IV definition of severity of MD.

Method.