, 2010) However, a further possibility is that the role of SDP o

, 2010). However, a further possibility is that the role of SDP on adolescent smoking trajectories selleck chemicals Abiraterone may operate through the mother��s smoking behavior in the child��s adolescence. Mothers who SDP are very likely to continue smoking through the child��s early life and adolescence (Floyd et al., 1993). Studies suggest that this type of exposure to parental smoking may solidify a child��s values and beliefs about smoking and demonstrate prosmoking norms (for review see Chassin, Presson, Rose, & Sherman, 1998; Darling & Cumsille, 2003). Although there is debate about the relative strength of parents�� influence on their children��s smoking behaviors (Chassin, Presson, Sherman, Montello, & McGrew, 1986), studies have generally observed that mothers (as opposed to fathers) have the strongest influence during adolescence (Avenevoli & Merikangas, 2003).

The cognitive and developmental problems associated with SDP briefly reviewed above, combined with the large body of research on cognitive and developmental origins of youth problem behaviors (see Smith, Leve, & Chamberlain, 2011) substantiate how the effects of SDP might be mediated by child and youth behavior problems. Only two studies, to our knowledge, have explored whether the effect of SDP operates through childhood behavior problems to influence tobacco use during adolescence (Cornelius et al., 2005; Griesler et al., 1998). Both studies observe a positive relationship between SDP and regular smoking among adolescents that is mediated by childhood behavior problems.

In this preliminary research, the findings have held after controlling for SES and concurrent smoking by the mother (Griesler et al., 1998). It is not clear whether these findings will also hold in larger datasets with data collected over longer time periods, which allows more extensive analyses of confounders and potential methodological bias. Further research could also illuminate how SDP might influence the trajectories and progression of youth smoking. In the research presented in this paper, we extend the work of Weden and Miles (2011) to include a test of the mediation through problem behavior hypothesis. In their work, Weden and Miles used multinomial logistic regression to examine whether patterns of maternal smoking (before, during, and after pregnancy) were associated with smoking patterns in their offspring, finding that maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated Brefeldin_A with an increased likelihood of youth smoking. In this paper, we examine the potential for measures of problem behavior to mediate those relationships.

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