We used two different measures of price The first measure is a s

We used two different measures of price. The first measure is a self-reported price for the most recent purchase selleck chem of a pack of 20 cigarettes. To address its potential endogeneity, we created a second price measure, which is an average state/province cigarette price. We calculated this by averaging the self-reported price of the most popular country brand across state/province observations. Both price measures were converted into international dollars using the purchasing power parity. An extended discussion and justification of the price measures can be found in Ross, Blecher, Yan, and Hyland (in press). Using the second price measure, we estimated the average price of the most popular brand in the last quarter of 2002 in the United States ($3.33 for Marlboro), Australia ($4.05 for Winfield), Canada ($4.

43 for Du Maurier), and the United Kingdom ($5.87 for Lambert and Butler). In addition to these two price measures, we also tested alternative exogenous price that was available in the United States and Canada only. In the United States, we used prices from AC Nielsen and from Orzechowski and Walker (2008), in Canada, we obtained province level prices from the Statistics Canada. The AC Nielsen prices reflect price promotions/discounts and were consistently lower than the self-reported prices from the survey. The prices in Orzechowski and Walker represent full retail prices and were consistently higher than the self-reported prices. For instance in the United States, the average AC Nielsen price was $3.02 and the average price from Orzechowski and Walker was $3.60.

There are three dichotomous indicators for the level of education/income, low, medium, and high to capture the differences across the four countries between their different education systems and income distribution. Brefeldin_A See (Thompson et al. (2006) for the details. We controlled for nicotine dependence by the number of cigarettes consumed per week. The extent of price promotions is measured by a cross country average of five dichotomous indicators for sales promotion activities: cigarette advertisements/promotions on shop/store windows or inside shops/stores, free samples of cigarettes, cigarette price offers, free gifts or special discount offers, and competitions linked to cigarettes. The U.S. smokers were most exposed to these promotions with the average smoker noticing 2.69 activities in the last six months before the survey. United Kingdom, Australian, and Canadian smokers were exposed to 1.75, 1.16 and 1.01 promotion activities, respectively. This variable is used for descriptive purposes only since the country dichotomous indicators capture the different level of the price promotion exposure in the models.

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