The magnetoimpedance (MI) effect has been considered as a potential physical effect with higher field sensitivity and better Crizotinib datasheet signal intensity for magnetic sensors than the giant magnetoresistance effect [12]. Since MI changes with the external direct current (dc) magnetic field or applied dc/alternating current (ac) current,

it is possible to design MI sensors used to measure magnetic fields or dc/ac currents. Several kinds of industrial and engineering applications of MI sensors have been proposed and realized to date, such as in the field of traffic controls, automobile uses, and biomedical sensors [13–16]. Amorphous wires, ribbons, and composited soft magnetic wires are traditional MI materials [12, 17, 18]. Normally, the diameter of amorphous wires and the thickness of ribbons are up to micrometer scale. With the rapid development of nanomaterials, the size of magnetic sensors is projected to reach nanoscale. The traditional MI materials cannot satisfy the desired size, and multilayer film MI materials have increasingly become the hot spot. However, the

multilayer films may come into being only when an obvious MI ratio reaches Pexidartinib in vitro gigahertz [19, 20], and it is not good for the application of MI sensors. Therefore, finding new kinds of nanomaterials, which can have both an obvious MI effect and a rapid magnetic response at low frequency, is a great challenge. The MI effect is normally attributed to a combination of skin effect and high sensitivity of transverse permeability to the external applied field. In a magnetic medium, the skin depth is dependent on the transverse magnetic permeability (μ t) through , where σ and μ t, respectively, are the electrical conductivity and the transverse permeability of the ferromagnetic material. For amorphous ribbons and wires, many ways have been tried

to improve the MI ratio, which include annealing, ion irradiation, glass coating, and patterning [21–23]. Essentially, all the above approaches to enhance the MI ratio are based on the changes of magnetic domain and induced transverse distribution of magnetic moments [12]. For films, the sandwich structure is an effective approach to depress the skin effect and improve the MI ratio, but a low MI ratio and high working frequency pose major negative factors for applications. Obviously, it is urgent to solve the problem of how Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK to induce transverse moment distribution and enhance the MI ratio in the nanomaterial. The structure of heterogeneous nanobrush with strong interface coupling may provide new ideas for these challenges. As our former works turn out, the giant MI (GMI) ratio has been enlarged than the single FeNi film on an anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) template, and the exchange coupling effect between nanowires and film has been supposed to be the main reason of the enhanced MI ratio [24]. However, how the exchange coupling effect acting on MI results is unclear.