The antibody used identifies two protein bands with estimated molecular weights of 34 and 37 kDa which are consistent with those predicted for Sox-2. Sensory cells in taste buds displayed Sox-2 immunoreactivity at all the ages sampled, whereas in the neuromasts Sox-2 expression was restricted to the basal non-sensory cells. Interestingly Sox-2 immunoreactivity was observed in epithelial cells associated with both taste buds and neuromasts. Present results demonstrate that Sox-2 expressed in taste buds and neuromasts
of zebrafish during the whole lifespan. Nevertheless, whereas the role of Sox-2 in taste buds of zebrafish www.selleckchem.com/products/wzb117.html remains to be established, the results in neuromast suggest that Sox-2 could participate in cell renewal of the mechanosensory cells. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Aims:
To optimize a protocol for the extraction and an in-depth analysis of the soluble protein fraction of two nonaxenic toxin-producing cyanobacteria Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (hepatotoxin-producing), and Raphidiopsis sp. (neurotoxin-producing), using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE).
Methods and Results:
The soluble protein fractions from strains of C. raciborskii and Raphidiosis sp. with different toxicity phenotypes were analysed by 2D-PAGE. Specific protocols were optimized specifically for
each strain. Between 500 and 700 sharp protein spots were distinguished in a single 4-7 pH range 2D-PAGE for each cyanobacterium. Comparison of the protein ID-8 maps of C. raciborskii CS-505 (a cylindrospermopsin-producing Sotrastaurin order strain) and Raphidiopsis sp. D9 (saxitoxin-producing strain) against the nontoxic C. raciborskii strain CS-509 revealed many unique proteins in each protein map. We confirmed that the resolved
proteins were cyanobacterial by identifying three randomly chosen protein spots from a Raphidiopsis sp. strain D9 2D-PAGE, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS).
Conclusions:
The 2D-PAGE conditions presented here provide a robust protocol for proteomic studies in two CYN- and STX-producing model organisms, C. raciborskii and Raphidiopsis sp.
Significance and Impact of the Study:
We present the first protocols for proteomic analyses of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Raphidiopsis sp.”
“Microglia are known to accumulate in senile plaques of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) together with a set of proteins including alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin (ACT). To investigate the biological effects of the interaction between ACT and microglia, we examined cytokine production by the murine N9 microglial cell line after ACT treatment. Real-time PCR analysis and specific immunoassays demonstrate that ACT triggers mRNA expression and release of TNF-alpha by N9 microglial cells.