Stichodactyla helianthus (family Stichodactylidae, genus Stichodactyla) and Bunodosoma granulifera

(family Actiniidae, genus Bunodosoma) are among the previously studied sea anemones. However, few toxins have been isolated either from whole extracts or from mucus [2], [14], [21], [32], [43], [47] and [72], and there are no Selisistat mouse reports describing in greater detail the peptide diversity present in the neurotoxic fractions of these species. For such purpose, it has been previously shown the suitability of starting from the sea anemone mucus since it is rich in toxic components, and does not contain animal body contaminants [85], in contrast to whole body extracts. The previous peptidomic report employed sea anemone venom extracted by electrical stimulation of specimens in isolated marine environment [85]. Another mucus extraction methodology is based on immersion of the animals in distilled water [30], [43] and [72], producing a sea salt-free sample without requiring any electrical equipment. However this methodology has not been combined with peptidomic studies of sea anemones. In the present work, the mucuses of S. helianthus and B. granulifera were obtained by

immersion of live specimens in distilled water. The resulting samples were fractionated in Sephadex G-50 to isolate their respective neurotoxic pools, which were submitted to reversed-phase chromatography. The resulting fractions Selleckchem Ibrutinib were analyzed by mass spectrometry and tested for their toxicity to crabs. Peptide diversities were described in terms of molecular mass and hydrophobicity, Astemizole and compared with previous results obtained from B. cangicum [85]. Moreover, a transcriptomic analysis of B. granulifera based on cDNA sequencing by the 454 GS Junior pyrosequencing system revealed the existence of new APETx-like peptides; some of them were identified among the isolated peptides. Several reversed-phase fractions

inducing a variety of toxicity symptoms on crabs were found, some of them presumably belonging to new classes of toxins. Ten B. granulifera specimens and two S. helianthus specimens were collected at the northeast coast of Havana, Cuba, and carried to the laboratory. All specimens of the same species were immersed in 500 mL distilled water during 10 min to extract the secreted mucus, according to a previous report [72]. Both exudates were lyophilized, dissolved in 0.1 M ammonium acetate, and centrifuged at 2000 × g during 30 min to remove cloudiness. Then, the samples were fractionated by gel filtration chromatography using a Sephadex G-50 column of dimensions 1.9 cm × 131 cm (Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden), as previously described by Lagos et al. [46]. The respective neurotoxic fractions of B. granulifera and S.