ratan against the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. L. aphaca seeds also showed inhibition but were inactive against Klebsiella pneumoniae. L. ratan extract was more active than L. aphaca. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values for both the seeds (in mu g/ml) were also determined. The lowest value was obtained for Staphylococcus aureus [MIC-76.25 (L.a.) 78.5 (L.r.) MBC- 112.6 (L.a.) 98.35 (L.r.)]; thus this bacterium was most inhibited by the seed extract, whereas Bacillus subtilis was least inhibited, as indicated by MIC [(98.50 (L.a.) 96.2 (L.r.)] and MBC [169.50 (L.a.) 151.2

(L.r.)] values.”
“Background: The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing worldwide. The impact of overweight this website on post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage rates in children and adults is unclear. Methods: Body mass index and post-tonsillectomy AC220 haemorrhage were evaluated in all patients treated with tonsillectomy within one year in a tertiary referral centre. Bleeding episodes were categorised according to the Austrian Tonsil Study. Results: Between June 2011 and June 2012, 300 adults and children underwent tonsillectomy. Post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage occurred in 55 patients.

Of those, 29 were type A (history of blood in saliva only, no active bleeding), 15 were type B (active bleeding, treatment under local anaesthesia) and 11 were type C (active bleeding, treatment under general anaesthesia). The return to operating theatre rate was 3.7 per cent. Post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage was more frequent in adolescents and adults than in children. Overweight or obesity was positively correlated with age. Post-tonsillectomy bleeding was recorded in 11.1 per

cent of underweight patients, 18.9 per cent of normal weight patients and 18.7 per cent of overweight patients (p = 0.7). Data stratification (according to age and weight) did not alter the post-tonsillectomy bleeding risk (p = 0.8). Conclusion: Overweight or obesity did not increase the risk of post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage in either children or adults.”
“Background: Tobacco packaging is an important form of promotion. Standardizing cigarette packages (‘plain’ packaging) represents a novel selleck inhibitor tobacco control policy. This study examined perceptions of branded and standardized cigarette packages among British youth. Methods: Seven hundred twelve youth aged 11-17 completed an online survey. Participants viewed pairs of packages altered using a 3 x 2 factorial design: health warning type (40% text, 40% pictorial or 80% pictorial) x standardized pack colour (white vs. brown). A discrete-choice task was used in which participants selected packs based on attractiveness, taste, tar, health risk, impact of health warning and enticement to start smoking. Participants also compared regular Silk Cut and ‘Superslims’ Silk Cut packs. Participants completed a final selection task from two standardized and two branded packs.