J Strength Cond

Res 2003, 17:455–462.PubMed 33. Volek JS, Kraemer WJ, Rubin MR, Gómez AL, Ratamess NA, Gaynor P: L-Carnitine L-tartrate supplementation favorably affects markers of recovery from exercise stress. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002, 282:E474–482.PubMed 34. Hoffman JR: Caffeine and Energy Drinks. Strength and Cond J 2010, 12:15–20.CrossRef 35. Sachan DS, Hongu N: Increases in VO 2 max and metabolic markers of fat oxidation by caffeine, carnitine, and choline supplementation in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2000, 11:521–526.CrossRefPubMed BMS345541 chemical structure 36. Suchy J, Chan A, Shea TB: Dietary supplementation with a combination of α-lipoic acid, acetyl-L-carnitine, glycerophosphocoline, docosahexaenoic acid, and phosphatidylserine reduces oxidative damage to murine brain and improves cognitive performance. Nutr Res 2009, 29:70–74.CrossRefPubMed 37. Kidd PM: Neurodegeneration from mitochondrial insufficiency: nutrients, stem

cells, growth factors, and prospects for brain rebuilding using integrative management. Altern Med Rev 2005, 10:268–293.PubMed 38. Dhitavat S, Ortiz D, Shea TB, Rivera ER: Acetyl-L-carnitine protects against amyloid-beta neurotoxicity: roles of oxidative buffering and ATP levels. Neurochem Res 2002, 27:501–505.CrossRefPubMed Competing interests JRH, NAR, AG, NAB, MWH, RJ and MP declare that they have no competing interests. MO is the CEO of MRM. Authors’ contributions JRH was the primary investigator, designed study, supervised all study recruitment, data/specimen analysis, statistical analysis and manuscript preparation. SU5402 purchase Astemizole NAR was a co-authors, oversaw all aspects of study including recruitment, data/specimen analysis, and manuscript preparation. AG, NAB and MWH were co-authors, assisting with data collection and data analysis. RJ, MP and MO contributed to the conception and design of the study. RJ helped drafting the drafting the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Introduction Vitamin D is an essential nutrient for maintaining bone health.

Sufficient levels of vitamin D, assessed by measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations, can be defined as the 25(OH)D concentration that either prevents an increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH), a serum calcium regulator suppressed by 25(OH)D, or optimizes calcium absorption [1]. Vitamin D sufficiency may prevent fractures in adults, while insufficiency may result in poor bone mineralization, pain, and rickets in children [2]. According to data collected in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), women aged 14-30 years in the United States (US) consume less vitamin D from dietary and supplemental sources than other age groups [3]. Suboptimal vitamin D intake and diminished vitamin D status may be particularly important during periods of intense physical activity such as military training, as compromised bone health could contribute to the development of stress fractures.