However, the output

of the continuous ventilation model produces a stable single set of estimates for a certain duration, and this could be used as a check against the output of the tidal ventilation model. The proposed improved Bohr equation method produces stable estimates of VD. Results using both the continuous ventilation model and the tidal ventilation model have shown that 2 ≤ T ≤ 4 is a potentially suitable range for the forcing sinusoid, in order to achieve reliable variable determination and to avoid recirculation effects. The selleck inhibitor proposed experimental gas delivery technique is suitable for use in assessing lung function in patients with healthy lungs in the clinical setting, and in exercise physiology, but further testing is needed to further validate the algorithm that we have used. The authors gratefully acknowledge funding by EPSRC (grant number EP/E028950/1). LC was

supported by the Overseas Research Students Award Scheme, provided by the UK Government, and is currently supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Programme, Oxford. DAC was supported by the Wellcome Trust/EPSRC Centre of Excellence in Personalised Healthcare (grant number WT 088877/Z/09/Z). The authors give sincere thanks to Roger Belcher and Lionel Gale for their valuable technical assistance. “
“The Laurentian Great PLX3397 Lakes region has a legacy of over 100 years of water quality science and policy. The history of impairment and management in the Great Lakes can be instructive as we consider the future challenges of climate change and sustainability in freshwater ecosystems. The Great Lakes region serves as an excellent case study for interdisciplinary

research on water quality by bringing together a diverse group of scientists and stakeholders. Many scientists, stakeholders and government agencies are already involved in research and management of the Great Lakes, and one benefit of the multitude of programs is the rich and ever-growing data sets on a variety of physical, chemical, biological and socioeconomic indicators. However, the basin suffers from organizational fragmentation and lack of coordination among programs which can be a significant obstacle to synthesis SPTLC1 and integration in support of environmental protection and restoration (US Government Accountability Office, 2003). The Laurentian Great Lakes and their connecting channels provide essential ecosystem services to citizens in the basin, such as providing a source of drinking water (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2004b), a sport fishery (Gewurtz et al., 2007 and Leach, 1991), recreational uses of beaches (Song et al., 2010), and shipping and transportation (Great Lakes Commission, 2006). The basin is also threatened by stressors common across the globe, such as land use change, pollution from human activities and their interactions with climate change (Allan et al., 2012).