However, experiments to test, this hypothesis indicated that acute twice stress did not disrupt the cycle. We did observe an increase in estrogen levels after its cessation.53 However, injection of stress levels of estradiol did not. impair learning as did the stressor. Thus, the effect of stress on memory formation

in the female Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical depends less on absolute levels of estrogen and more on their fluctuation during and shortly after the traumatic event. Consistent, with some of the emotional disturbances that can occur during menstruation, postpartum, and menopause, these data suggest, that females are particularly susceptible to the deleterious consequences of stress when ovarian hormones are fluctuating. Table I. Sex differences in mental illness. Conclusion: sex differences in mental illness That females are different from males may come as no surprise. Nor that, their brains are different. What might. be unexpected is that they would Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical respond in opposite directions to the same environmental event, and that their brains would follow in course. In the face of such divergence, perhaps we should reconsider sex differences in mental illness (Table I). Females are not only more likely to experience depression, but. also phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. They are more often diagnosed with eating disorders, as well as borderline

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and histrionic

personality disorders. Males, on the other hand, are more likely to experience Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical autism and antisocial and narcissistic personality disorders, as well as attention deficit, disorder and mental retardation. It may be instructive that the mental disorders more common in women are related to affect whereas those more common in men are related to cognition. Exactly Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical how information about sex differences in emotional and cognitive responses in rats can be used to understand or promote mental health in humans is unclear, but a greater appreciation of our differences can only enhance our ability to treat our common afflictions. Notes Supported by grants from the National Institutes of Mental Health (MH59970) and (MH 59740), National Cilengitide Alliance for Research on Pazopanib PDGFR Schizophrenia and Depression (NARSAD), and the van Arneringen Foundation.
There is extensive literature documenting the moderating effects of healthy aging and gender on cognition. Convergent multidisciplinary efforts, mostly in young adults, have helped identify neural systems associated with behavioral domains. Age effects on behavior and brain parameters are already observed in young adulthood. These indicate more pronounced age-related changes in men than in women. Sex differences are salient, in the aging process, and there is increasing evidence for the role of ovarian hormones in mediating behavior and brain function.