E.M. for the average fold changes. Statistical significance (p < 0.05) between expression following nanomaterial exposure and the controls is denoted by an asterisk (*). Western blot analysis Transgelin 2 protein was analyzed by Western blot in all treatment groups (nano-SiO2, nano-Fe3O4, SWCNTs) Selleckchem Depsipeptide (Figure  4B). Transgelin 2 protein expression was significantly

increased at all doses of nanomaterial exposure compared with the control group (p < 0.05), but there was almost no significant difference between high dose and low dose in nanomaterial exposure groups. Discussion A nanomaterial is a kind of ultrafine material composed of nanosized particles, between 0.01 and 100 nm in diameter. Recently, research and development of these particles have increased [11], and their potential adverse effects are being investigated by researchers around the world [12–14]. Some report that ultrafine particles may cause damage to the body due to their higher activity and selectivity [13]. The effects of ultrafine particles on the lungs have received much more attention. In spite of the lungs being the most direct target organ for such particles, the methods to study lung injury are limited except for histopathobiology, so we attempt to use biochemical analysis and

comparative proteome to detect lung damage in vivo after nanomaterial exposure to find the difference between the nanomaterials see more and non-nanomaterials. We selected the three typical nanomaterials because of their different chemical compositions (nano-SiO2 is an inorganic oxide, nano-Fe3O4 is a metal oxide, and SWCNT is a carbon) and different shapes (nano-SiO2 Oxalosuccinic acid has a crystal structure, nano-Fe3O4 is a sphere, and SWCNT is rope-shaped). In our study, we found that the three nanomaterials induced oxidative damage and

inflammation in BALF. In addition, there are 17 different proteins regardless of the composition and shape of nanomaterials which expressed a similar nanosize. Epidemiologic and experimental animal studies have shown an increased risk of respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with exposure to ultrafine particles [15, 16]. Nanoparticle exposure induced production of cytokines in lung epithelial cells and in lung tissue [17, 18]. The aim of this study was to characterize the biochemical changes in BALF and protein profiles in the lung tissue of rats following exposure to three nanomaterials using newly available technologies especially comparative proteomics. Higher protein concentrations in the nanomaterial-exposed BALF Niraparib clinical trial samples are likely a result of plasma extravasation. Consistent with this view, many of the plasma-derived proteins identified in both exposed and control samples do indeed change in abundance, for example, albumin [17], but additional work will be required to provide accurate quantification.