Converging studies in mouse models suggest that iNKT cells can prevent the development of type 1 diabetes 3. iNKT cells are reduced in number in diabetes-prone NOD mice 4, 5, and increasing the number of iNKT cells by adoptive transfer 6, 7 or via the introduction of a Vα14-Jα18 transgene, reduces significantly the progression of the disease 6. A similar protection was observed AZD9291 cost after specific iNKT cell stimulation with exogenous ligands, α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) and its analogues 8–11. Early reports suggested

that iNKT cell protection was associated with the induction of a Th2 response to islet auto-antigens 8, 10–12. However, following studies using the transfer of anti-islet T cells showed that iNKT cells inhibit the differentiation of these auto-reactive T cells into effector cells during Ku-0059436 ic50 their priming in pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs) 13, 14. This regulatory role of iNKT cells could be explained by their ability to promote the recruitment of tolerogenic DCs 14, 15. It is

now well established that iNKT cells can be divided into several subpopulations using various cell surface markers, these subsets exhibiting diverse functions. According to the expression of the CD4 molecule, human iNKT cells have been shown to express a Th1 or Th0 cytokine profile 16, 17. In the mouse, CD4− iNKT cells are more potent to promote tumor rejection 18. Recently, a new population of CD4− NK1.1− iNKT cells producing high levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17 together with low IL-4 and IFN-γ levels in response to several iNKT cell ligands, has been identified and named iNKT17 cells 19. Consistent with their ability to produce IL-17 rapidly and independently of IL-6, iNKT17 cells, unlike naive T cells, were found to express constitutively

IL-23R and Retinoic acid receptor – related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) 20–22. Much of the focus on IL-17-secreting cells has been on their role in promoting organ-specific autoimmunity and chronic inflammatory conditions 23. In the past few years, results have suggested that it was not IL-12 and Th1 cells that are required for the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) but rather IL-23 and Th17. EAE can be induced by the Avelestat (AZD9668) transfer of IL-17 producing autoreactive T cells and IL-17 deficient mice had reduced susceptibility to CIA and EAE. Unregulated Th17 responses or overwhelming IL-17 production from T cells and other sources is also associated with chronic inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis patients 23. Recent studies suggest that IL-17 might also be involved in the development of type 1 diabetes. Transfer of in vitro polarized BDC2.5 Th17 cells into NOD SCID mice induced diabetes in recipient mice with similar rates of onset as transfer of Th1 cells 24–26.