Chemical chaperone therapy is based on small molecules able to bind and stabilize the misfolded enzymes. This paper offers a historical overview on the therapeutic strategies for LSDs. Introduction Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a large group of disorders

caused by a deficiency of specific enzymes responsible for the degradation of substances present in lysosomes (1). Except for red blood cells, lysosomes are contained in all cells of the organism, thus the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical metabolic disorder may affect different organs and systems at the same time. The clinical signs characterizing the different diseases depend on the quantity and type of accumulated substance; in general, the disease is named after the type of undegraded substrate. Most LSDs have

an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. Mucopolysaccharidosis type II, Fabry disease and Danon disease are X-linked. From a clinical point of view, the biochemical alteration turns Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical into a gradually deteriorating clinical picture: coarse facial features, hepatosplenomegaly, skeletal anomalies; various degrees of mental retardation prevail in Mucopolysaccharidoses, Mucolipidoses and selleck kinase inhibitor Glycoproteinoses, while the remaining LSDs are mainly characterized by an involvement of the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical central nervous system, associated, in some forms, with hepatosplenomegaly. The prognosis is very serious in most LSDs and great effort has always been made to find treatment options fit to face the underlying causes. A successful therapeutic approach to LSDs should ensure an available source of the deficient enzyme, thus helping the degradation of the accumulated metabolites in the various organs,

and at the same time preventing their further deposition. This paper offers Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical a historical overview on the therapeutic strategies for LSDs. Therapeutic strategies to ameliorate LSDs Different therapeutic approaches were Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical used in the past to face the underlying causes of the diseases: infusion of plasma or plasma fractions, intravenous injection of exogenous enzymes extracted from human tissues, infusion of leukocytes and implantation of skin fibroblasts or amniotic cells. Though theoretically correct, all these first therapeutic attempts resulted in a poor efficacy from a clinical point of view, and their use in patients was impractical. However, they Dipeptidyl peptidase led to the innovative therapies, such as bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and infusion of recombinant enzymes, laying the foundation for gene therapy as well. Table ​Table11 lists the therapeutic approaches that have showed efficacy and an acceptable level of practicability in treating LSDs. Table 1 Therapeutic Strategies for LSDs. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) In the early 1980s Hobbs et al. (2) published the first results concerning the use of BMT in two patients affected by Hurler syndrome.