Bar height during descent was standardised at a height equal to C7 on each participant. No significant difference Adriamycin mw (p ≥ 0.05) existed between participants’ right and left sides across all measured variables, therefore only the left side data were used. Data of the upper limbs and torso were captured (Fig. 1) for one set of three repetitions in-front of the head and repeated for behind the head technique. The type order was randomised to account for order effect and there was 5-min rest between data collection sets. Data were collected by 3D Motion Analysis System (Motion Monitor, Version 6.50.0.1; Innovative

Sports Training, Chicago, IL, USA) measured at 120 Hz. Sensors attached at the head, C7/T1, T12/L1, L5/S1, angulus acromialis (most laterodorsal aspect of the scapula), antero-medial aspect

of the humeral HCS assay shaft and antero-medial aspect of the distal ulna according to standardized Joint Coordinate System.25 From these sensors common landmarks on the skeletal system was used to create a digitized virtual body. Further landmarks were then digitized using the sensors as reference for superior angle, inferior angle, and T8. The independent variables were technique (in-front or behind) and gender (male or female). The dependent variables for active ROM data were: (1) shoulder flexion angle; (2) shoulder abduction angle; (3) shoulder rotation angle; (4) shoulder horizontal adduction angle; (5) cervical flexion angle (change in angle between the sensors on head and C7/T1); (6) cervical rotation angle; (7) thoracic flexion angle (change in angle between the sensors on C7/T1 and T12/L1); (8) lumbar flexion angle (change in angle between the sensors on T12/L1 and L5/S1); and (9) the normalized time (start of ascent being 0 and the top being 100%) of when these occurred. All angles are referenced to the global coordinates positioning reference with the participants mafosfamide facing the same direction as the “X” axis as is common practice in 3D motion analysis. Angle conventions for references are as follows. Shoulder flexion is from 0° to overhead full flexion 180°.

Shoulder abduction is from 0° to overhead full abduction 180°. Shoulder external rotation for shoulder at 90° abduction and elbow at 90° flexion and forearm at 90° to frontal plane is 0°. Shoulder rotation occurs in external direction so that the forearm aligns with the frontal plane would be recorded as 90°. Shoulder horizontal adduction behind the frontal plane would be recorded as a negative number. Cervical flexion angle is reduced if the head moves forwards causing the spine to straighten, and if the head tilts backwards increasing the cervical spine curve the angle is increased. Thoracic flexion angle increases positively when the thoracic spine slumps forwards, and if the thoracic spine arches backwards and straightens past 0° it is reported as a negative value.