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Weisburg WG, Barns SM, Pelletier DA, Lane DJ: 16S Ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. J Bacteriol 1991, 173:697–703.PubMedCentralPubMed 54. Pruesse E, Quast C, Knittel K, Fuchs BM, Ludwig W, Peplies J, Glöckner FO: SILVA: a comprehensive online resource for quality checked and aligned ribosomal RNA sequence data compatible with ARB. Nucleic Acids Res 2007, 35:7188–7196.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 55. Jia S, Zhang Silmitasertib in vivo X, Zhang G, Yin A, Zhang S, Li F, Wang L, Zhao D, Yun Q, Tala , Wang J, Sun G, Baabdullah M, Yu X, Hu S, Al-Mssallem IS, Yu J: Seasonally variable intestinal metagenomes of the red palm weevil ( Rhynchophorus ferrugineus ). Environ Microbiol 2013, 15:3020–3029. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions MT projected and carried out the microbiological and molecular analyses, EM performed the bioinformatic analyses, BM identified and collected the insects in the field and manipulated them for the gut microbiota analyses, SC constructed the phylogeny trees and helped to draft the manuscript, PQ conceived and coordinated the study

and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Aflatoxins (AF) are polyketide family secondary metabolites produced by several members of the fungal genus Aspergillus, section Flavi. Considered amongst the most dangerous natural hepatotoxic carcinogens in mammals [1], consumption of foodstuffs contaminated with these

extrolites can be a cause of mortality and reduced productivity in higher vertebrates. Within this family, AFB1, B2, G1 and G2 cause most concern, given their abundance and toxicity [2]. The mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) [3] can also be produced by aspergilli. This toxic indole tatramic acid is associated with damage to liver, heart and kidneys [4]. The taxonomy of the genus Aspergillus is complex, with overlapping morphological characteristics and biochemical properties between species, as well as intraspecific Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II polymorphism [5, 6]. Aspergillus section Flavi comprises over 20 member species, based on polyphasic approaches for species delimitation that consider morphological, molecular and extrolite data [7–10]. A number of species within the section are aflatoxigenic, including the widely distributed species A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius, together with A. arachidicola, A. bombycis, A. minisclerotigenes, A. parvisclerotigenus, A. pseudocaelatus, A. pseudonomius and A. pseudotamarii, ([7] and references therein), A. novoparasiticus[8], A. mottae, A. sergii and A. transmontanensis[9]. Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bompl.