And the great variability of the results reported in the literature could be due to the experimental setting more than real differences in ability. In this study, navigational behaviour was assessed by means of a place-learning task in which a modified version of the Morris water maze for humans was used to evaluate sex differences. In using landmarks, sex differences emerged only during the learning phase. Although the men were faster than the women in locating the target position, the differences between the sexes disappeared in delayed recall. (C) 2011 Elsevier

Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The rupture of cerebral aneurysm DihydrotestosteroneDHT chemical structure (CA) and subsequent subarachnoid hemorrhage can cause fatal results. Recent experimental findings have suggested that the mechanism of CA formation is based on chronic inflammation in arterial walls by hemodynamic force. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protects arterial walls from vascular inflammation by relieving hemodynamic force through nitric oxide (NO) production. Thus, the E7080 price expression and protective role of eNOS in CA formation have been investigated in this study. In this study, experimental induced rodent CA models by carotid ligation

and systemic hypertension were used. The expression of eNOS was examined in rat CA models and revealed that it was decreased at the site of CA formation. Next, CA was induced in eNOS(-/-) mice to clarify the role of eNOS in CA formation. In eNOS(-/-) mice, the incidence of CA formation was similar to that found in wild-type mice. In CA walls of eNOS(-/-) mice, the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) TPCA-1 mouse was upregulated compared with that in wild-type mice, suggesting the compensatory effect of nNOS. Hence, eNOS(-/-) nNOS(-/-) mice were generated, underwent CA induction and confirmed that eNOS(-/-) nNOS(-/-) mice exhibited an increased incidence

of CA formation accompanied by accelerated macrophage infiltration. These results suggested that the deficiency of eNOS could be compensated by nNOS upregulation in cerebral arteries and that the eNOS and nNOS complementarily had the protective role in CA formation. The results of this study will provide us with new insight about the mechanisms of CA formation and the functional redundancy between eNOS and nNOS in cerebral arteries. Laboratory Investigation (2011) 91, 619-626; doi:10.1038/labinvest.2010.204; published online 14 February 2011″
“The roles of visual and somatosensory information in arm movement planning remain enigmatic. Previous studies have examined these roles by dissociating visual and somatosensory cues about limb position prior to movement onset and examining the resulting effects on movements performed in the horizontal plane. Here we examined the effects of misaligned limb position cues prior to movement onset as reaches were planned and executed along different directions in the vertical plane.