Alternatively, splenocytes were cultured

in the presence or absence of peptides VNHRFTLV or TsKb-20 and the expression of surface CD107a, Selleck Androgen Receptor Antagonist IFN-γ and TNF-α by ICS. In infected mice, administration of FTY720 resulted in 2.52- or 3.05-fold increases in the frequency of IFN-γ-secreting cells from the LNs specific for VNHRFTLV or TsKb-20, respectively, as detected using the ELISPOT assay (Fig. 6). In contrast, this increase in the frequency IFN-γ-secreting peptide-specific cells in the LN was accompanied by a significant decrease of immune responses of splenic lymphocytes. Immune responses were initially determined by the frequency of IFN-γ-producing cells as measured by the ELISPOT assay (Fig. 7A). The frequency of IFN-γ-producing cells found in the spleen after FTY720 administration was reduced by 74.55% or 100% upon stimulation with peptides VNHRFTLV or TsKb-20, respectively (Fig. 7A). Subsequently, we estimated the immune response by the detection of peptide-specific CD8+ cells that mobilized CD107a to their surface and expressed IFN-γ and TNF-α upon exposure to the peptides in vitro. The frequency of CD8+ cells that were CD107a+, IFN-γ+

or TNF-α+ was reduced by 74.61% or 84.15% after stimulation CHIR-99021 nmr with VNHRFTLV or TsKb-20, respectively ( Fig. 7B). The reduction substantially affected all the different subpopulations of CD8+ cells ( Fig. 7C). The proportions of each population did not change significantly in the cells collected from infected mice that were administered or not with FTY720 ( Fig. 7D). To evaluate the influence of restricting T-cell re-circulation on the outcome of infection, we also monitored the parasitemia levels and survival of

mice that were and were not subjected to FTY720 over the course of infection. We found that drug exposure resulted in increased parasitemia and accelerated mortality of mafosfamide infected mice (Fig. 8A and B, respectively). Therefore, we concluded that lymphocyte re-circulation is indeed important for the acquired protective immune response in this mouse model of acute infection. We then sought to test the same hypothesis by applying a distinctly different approach. In this case, we used highly susceptible A/Sn mice that were genetically vaccinated by priming with plasmid pIgSPCl.9 followed by a booster immunization with AdASP-2. We previously showed that this heterologous prime-boost regimen reproducibly conferred protective immunity against a lethal challenge with T. cruzi [25]. Immunity was mediated by CD8+ T cells as depletion of these T cells renders these mice completely susceptible to infection. These CD8+ T cells are specific for the ASP-2 H-Kk restricted epitopes TEWETGQI, PETLGHEI or YEIVAGYI [31]. Prior to challenge, these mice exhibit a strong immune response to all three epitopes [31]. Following infection (s.c.), some of these vaccinated mice were subjected to FTY720. We then monitored the parasitemia levels and survival.