Adjustment of close to equal PAR(II) should be also possible with leaves and other optically dense samples. When fluorescence is excited by 440-nm ML and F < 710 nm is measured, almost selectively fluorescence responses of the uppermost cell layers are measured (Schreiber et al. 2011), so that differences due to varying depths of penetration can be avoided. This is an example for the advantage

of optional use of separate colors for measuring and actinic light. Rappaport et al. (2007) pointed out the advantages of using green light (both measuring and actinic) to minimize light-intensity gradients. However, even with green light substantial gradients persist and, most importantly, the photosynthetic performance PF-3084014 ic50 of different cell layers within a leaf (as well as other types of optically dense samples) is heterogeneous and their responses should find more not be mixed up. Therefore, to assess, e.g., differences

between adaxial and abaxial leaf sides it is better to employ strongly absorbed ML (e.g., 440 nm), so that the response is restricted to the uppermost layers of cells, which may be considered close to homogenous (Schreiber et al. 2011). The data of Fig. 9 were presented as one example of practical application of the new multi-color device to HSP990 chemical structure induce defined rates of quanta absorption in PS II using different colors. These measurements may be considered particularly reliable, as they were carried out with dilute suspensions, i.e., with negligibly small PAR-gradients. The data demonstrate distinct differences between post-illumination Galeterone responses after close to identical absorption of 440- and 625-nm quanta, the direction of which in principle does agree with the two-step hypothesis of photoinhibition. Specific absorption of blue light could cause damage of the Mn-cluster of the OEC, resulting in donor-side limitation of PS II, production of ROS and secondary damage of various enzymatic reactions, including repair of PS II reaction centers (Ohnishi et al. 2005; Hakala et al. 2005; Nishiyama et al. 2006). However, this may not be the only mechanism that can explain the observed differences between 440- and 625-nm light. More extensive measurements,

using longer illumination times and inhibition of the simultaneously occurring repair reactions, will be required for conclusive evidence. In any case, it is clear that the multi-color-PAM does offer the potential for quantitative investigation of the wavelength dependence of photoinhibition, particularly when combined with other promising new measuring techniques (Chow et al. 2005; Matsubara and Chow 2004). Besides the mechanism of photodamage to PS II, other important topics relating to wavelength-dependent effects on the photosynthetic apparatus are reversible state 1–state 2 transitions (Mullineaux and Emlyn-Jones 2005) and NPQ induced in cyanobacteria via blue-light absorption by the orange carotenoid protein (Kirilovsky 2007).