095) Further examination suggests that this

095). Further examination suggests that this selleck chemicals llc trend derives from differences among men and women in their chosen

running speed rather than an effect of speed per se. Running speeds (mean ± SD) for women and men were 2.98 ± 0.44 and 3.74 ± 0.59 m/s, respectively, and the difference was significant (p = 0.001, t test). As noted above, all but one woman used RFS while all but two men used MFS. Further, of the six adults with trials at both slow (<3.4 m/s) and fast (>3.4 m/s) speeds, none changed their foot strike usage at faster speeds. In fact, in all subjects with multiple recorded trials, none changed foot strike usage between trials. Thus, women were more likely to use RFS and to use a slower running speed than men. There is no evidence that subjects changed from RFS to MFS as speed increased. Results from bivariate comparisons were consistent with those of a multivariate nominal logistic regression. When speed, sex, and footwear (shod, barefoot) were used as independent variables predicting foot strike, only sex was a significant factor (p = 0.001). When adult and juvenile trials were pooled, both sex (p = 0.001) and age-class (p < 0.001) were significant predictors of foot strike usage, while speed (p = 0.157) and footwear (p = 0.101) were not. Foot, ankle, and knee angles at foot strike for

Hadza adults are Palbociclib concentration plotted against speed in Fig. 2. The effects of footwear, speed, and foot strike usage were entered into a multivariate nominal logistic regression to examine their effect on these angles. Not surprisingly, foot strike usage (RFS vs. MFS) was a significant predictor of foot angle at impact (p < 0.001), but speed (p = 0.54) and footwear (shod vs. unshod, p = 0.37) had no effect. Similarly, foot strike usage significantly predicted ankle angle at foot strike (p < 0.001), while neither speed (p = 0.21) nor footwear (p = 0.74) were significant factors. For knee angle, both foot strike (p = 0.006) and speed (p = 0.011) were significant factors, with more acute knee flexion at faster speeds, but footwear had no effect (p = 0.54). When juvenile trials are added to these comparisons, age-class does not significantly affect foot, ankle,

or knee angles (p > 0.05 all comparisons). Foot strike usage among Hadza adults was intermediate between that reported among the Kalenjin and Daasanach Megestrol Acetate populations (Table 1), and similar in some ways to the pattern reported for Tarahumara adults. When Hadza juveniles, adult men, and adult women are examined separately, some similarities with other populations emerge. Hadza men rarely use RFS (13.3% of subjects), similar to foot strike patterns of barefoot Kalenjin adolescents and Kalenjin adults who grew up barefoot, and to minimally-shod Tarahumara.6, 8 and 13 In contrast, Hadza women and juveniles often used RFS (90.9% and 85.7% of subjects, respectively), similar to Daasanach adults, habitually shod Kalenjin adolescents, and Tarahumara wearing conventional running shoes.

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