subs, or alcohol, that the nature of the injected substance was not important provided damage was caused, and that this damage, if continued, would result in a deforming arthritis. Coulon, Charlier, and Vandersmissen produced an experimental rat arthritis by the MDV3100 local injection of a 10 per cent. kaolin suspension. Cysteinamine was ineffective in treatment. Comparable work by Ramsey and Key, injecting 10 per cent. turpentine oil or talc in water, into the knee joints of 22 rabbits showed that hydrocortisone accelerated the return of the damaged tissue to normal. According to Mannheim, Billroth made comparable studies on the response of articular cartilage to the insertion of surgical sutures. A nonsuppurative inflammation was induced. Local Cauterization.
Mannheim reported that Kremjanski cauterized the joints of the sternum and Vismodegib the ensiform cartilage of rabbits with a red hot iron followed by the systemic administration of mercuric sulphide, 4 to 7 days later, fatty degeneration of the cartilage and cell destruction were found with mercuric salts in the perichondrium. From the same source we learn that Henzmer transfixed the capsules of rabbit hip joints with redhot needles and cauterized the joints with zinc chloride. Neither pus formation nor cartilage cell proliferation followed. Heitzmann cauterized with red hot irons the femoral condyles of rabbits, cats, and dogs. In the damaged areas he found cartilaginous calcification, cell degeneration, and an increased amount of interstitial ground substance. Local Trauma. Redfern detailed the behaviour of cartilage cells in damaged joints.
Much relevant work was quoted by Mannheim , but often without the exact source. Sury compressed and distorted the knee joints of guinea pigs several times weekly for 4 to 5 months. The joints of a further group he hit repeatedly with a hammer. Subsequent vascularization and ossification of the degenerate cartilage were found. Wehner rubbed and compressed the exposed articular cartilage while Muller produced epiphyseal displacement and femoral subluxation. By this means, and by arranging the tendons of the biceps to draw constantly across the head of the humerus he induced degenerative joint disease. Mannheim injected irritant fluids, and used both local bone destruction and prolonged local trauma to cause degenerative changes, he reported that Bonn had dislocated the radius, resected the capitellum or dislocated the radius, and fractured the ulna.
In each instance changes resembling osteo arthritis were found, and Bonn did not accept aseptic necrosis of cartilage as a prerequisite. Mannheim also reported that Schmidt had fractured the femoral epiphyses and then injected blood, concluding that cartilaginous destruction and arthritis were secondary to capillary damage, and that Billroth had made similar observations. Barthels performed synovectomy in rabbits, using the degenerative changes which appeared to support the contention that cartilage depends upon synovial fluid for normal metabolism. Bich combined traumatic dislocation and subluxation of the knee joints in rabbits with the subsequent injection of hydrochloric acid and studied the effect of alkalis on non traumatized joints. Bernstein produced experimental arthritis in dogs by the exposure and ligation of