Within-species diversity has recently gained increased recognition and has been reported in pathogenic bacteria, fungi as well as in other protozoan selleckchem parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum[13–15]. It has been demonstrated that both polyclonal (infection by phylogenetically divergent clones) and monoclonal (infection by members of a single clone that display micro-heterogeneity) diversity exists in patients with single species infections [13]. This phenomenon is commonly seen in patients harboring chronic infections, which is, interestingly a common problem in giardiasis patients [2].

To date no attempts have been made in investigating whether the occurrence of ASH in sequences generated from clinical assemblage B Giardia samples, commonly originate from a single isolate or a mosaic of different isolates. Single cell analyses would be required

to resolve this issue. However, isolation of single Giardia trophozoites from culture or cysts from clinical Giardia samples for the purpose of direct comparative sequence analyses without in vitro growth has not previously been performed to the best of our knowledge. Previous methods that have been utilized for the purpose of cloning Giardia parasites are labor intensive and do not guarantee the establishment of single cells for molecular analyses [16–19]. Micromanipulation with size-specific Stattic manufacturer micro-capillaries allows very sensitive discrimination, where single cells from a diluted fecal sample can be detected against a background, singled out, and transferred to a pure drop of liquid for re-verification of the clonality of the cell before proceeding to downstream analyses. In the malaria research field, micromanipulation has been applied for qualitative isolation of specific cells from a suspension of mixed cell types and mixed phenotypes, i.e. isolation of P. falciparum infected red blood cells (iRBCs) from a rosetting cluster for molecular analyses [20] or the isolation of P. falciparum iRBCs at a certain stage in the cell cycle, for molecular analyses [21]. In Giardia this approach has been used to isolate single cells for

further growth in vitro and isoenzyme analysis of the cloned population [17]. The aim of our work was to use micromanipulation Dapagliflozin to efficiently isolate and sequence single Giardia assemblage B trophozoites grown in vitro, and single cysts isolated from human giardiasis patients, in order to properly verify www.selleckchem.com/products/MDV3100.html genetic heterogeneity on the single cell level without growth in vitro. This approach can assess whether genetic heterogeneity identified in clinical assemblage B isolates is due to ASH, mixed sub-assemblage infection or a combination of the two. Methods Cell lines and clinical samples Giardia intestinalis GS/M (H7), assemblage B, was cultured in TYI-S-33 at optimal growth conditions [12] and seeded twice weekly prior to single cell analysis. Clinical G.