Each subject began the trial with a 10 min standardized, dynamic warm-up; thereafter subjects executed the following high-intensity resistance training workout for 2 min, for as many rounds as possible, followed by 1 min of rest for 5–6 sets: (with a 25% overhead push-press 1-repetition maximum (RM) 8 – dumbbell

push-press → 8 – squats (dumbbells at sides) → 8 – dumbbell push-ups → repeat until rest period. The average number of rounds (and consequently repetitions) per set were counted to evaluate volume consistency. Within 5 minutes of completing the workout, subjects were randomly assigned to ingest one of the two beverage interventions—VPX see more Protein Rush™ Chocolate Dream or concentrated isocaloric Gatorade® orange flavor (see Table  1 for beverage nutrient composition)—and then the subjects returned two hours later to the testing location to execute the performances tests and report RPE. Subjects did not consume anything except water between the HIRT workout and the performance tests (2-hour fast). The second arm was repeated after a 1-week wash-out with the other intervention. Overall, the entire trial lasted 14 days. See Figure  1 for the schematic. Table 1 Beverage composition Nutrient breakdown VPX (17 fl. oz) iCHO (20 fl. oz) Total calories 260 260 Calories from Fat 55 0 Carbohydrate

(g) 11 68a Sugars (g) 6 68 Cholesterol (mg) 25 0 Total fat (g) 6 0 Saturated fat (g) 1.5 0 Protein (g) 40 0 Sodium (mg) 380 540 Potassium (mg) – 150 aiCHO manufacturer lists their product as 68 g of CHO and 260 calories; LY2606368 solubility dmso however 68 g of CHO equals 272 calories according to the assumption that CHO contains four calories per gram. Figure 1 Study design outline per subject. The research design outline provides a timeline depicting the commitment duration per subject. Overall, the total duration of the study lasted 14 days for each subject. Both treatment

arms took place on a single day with a 1-week selleck chemicals llc washout in between. Data collection Subjects’ anthropometric data (weight and height) was collected and recorded by the principal investigator using a calibrated Omron HBF-400 body weight scale (Omron, Bannockburn, IL) and a wall-mounted Seca 206 stadiometer (KWS Medical, North Bend, WA). The 1RM push-press load was estimated by conducting the 10RM estimation protocol [23] to calculate the 25% 1RM. The 40-yard sprint and agility T-test distances were measured using a measurement wheel (Keson, Aurora, IL) and timed using an Accusplit S3MAGXLBK stopwatch (Accusplit, Livermore, CA) and basic athletic cones. The push-up test was measured based on the subjects’ to-fatigue maximum repetition. The RPE scale was measured using a previously validated tool—the 15-point Borg scale [17]. The 24-hour diet and activity recalls were collected to determine typical dietary intakes and activity trends using Fitday.com® (Internet Brands®, El Segundo, CA) [24].