(C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Precisely controlled spike times relative to theta-frequency network

oscillations play an important role in hippocampal memory processing. Here we study how inhibitory synaptic input during theta oscillation contributes to the control of spike timing. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from CA1 pyramidal cells in R428 clinical trial vitro with dynamic clamp to simulate theta-frequency oscillation (5 Hz), we show that gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA(A)) receptor-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) can not only delay but also advance the postsynaptic spike depending on the timing of the inhibition relative to the oscillation. Spike time advancement with IPSP was abolished by the h-channel blocker ZD7288 (10 mu M), suggesting that IPSPs can interact with intrinsic membrane conductances to yield bidirectional control of spike timing. NeuroReport 20:1209-1213 (C) 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“PCR-based reverse transcriptase (RT) assays are highly sensitive for broad detection of retroviruses.

These are Currently used for demonstrating the absence Tariquidar of retroviral contamination in vaccines and can also be applied to clinical and laboratory research to investigate low-virus replication. A single-tube fluorescent product-enhanced reverse transcriptase assay (STF-PERT) has been published

that was highly sensitive for retrovirus detection (<10 virions), with enhanced reproducibility and increased efficiency [Sears, J.F., Khan, A.S., 2003. Single-tube fluorescent product-enhanced reverse transcriptase assay with AmpliWax (STF-PERT) for retrovirus quantitation. J. Virol. Meth. 108, 139-142]. In this report, the step-by-step setup and performance of the STF-PERT assay is described and sensitivity, reproducibility and specificity of the assay reported using three different RTs as standards: avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) RT, murine leukemia virus selleck (MMLV) RT, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RT. Evaluation of virus stocks showed about 1-2 logs difference in RT detection and retrovirus quantitation with the different RT enzyme standards; in general, virus determination using HIV-1 RT was comparable to using the relevant virus RT. Published by Elsevier B.V.”
“Fibrillar aggregates of amyloid P-peptides are major constituents of the plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, and have been implicated in the neurotoxicity of Alzheimer’s. We previously reported that the methanol extract of mulberry leaves inhibits the formation of amyloid P-peptide (1-42)-fibrils in vitro, and protects hippocampal neurons from amyloid P-peptide (1-42)-induced cell death.