Filamentous cyanobacteria are able to fix nitrogen, which gives them a competitive advantage when compared to other phytoplankton, and they may therefore dominate the surface waters in summer, provided there is enough phosphorus available. In the head of the bay a local Urban Waste Water Treatment Plant (UWWTP) is situated that serves approximately 300,000 people and the main human impacts are caused by the UWWTP (30% of the total nitrogen input) along with agriculture and by private sewers [21]. The Himmerfjärden UWWTP started operating in 1974, and had efficient phosphorus removal from the beginning (about

96%), using Himmerfjärden bay as recipient. In 1998, the introduction of efficient nitrogen removal (up to about 85%) was introduced in the treatment plant [22]. The inner BGB324 chemical structure basins of Himmerfjärden

were shown to be potentially phosphorus limited, and may be regarded as ‘potentially eutrophic’, despite comparatively low nutrient loading relative to their volume [23]. However, there has been strong disagreement amongst Swedish marine scientist for many years if it is phosphorus or nitrogen that is limiting for the growth of filamentous cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea [24]. During 2007–2010, a large scale experiment was conducted by the Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University in collaboration with the operators of the Himmerfjärden Gefitinib concentration UWWTP (SYVAB). SYVAB provided the possibility for adaptive management by adjusting the level of nitrogen treatment. In this experiment, nitrogen was not treated for a period of two years (during 2007–2008),

and during 2009–2010, nitrogen treatment was operated, again, almost to its full capacity. This experiment was conducted in order to evaluate if the increased availability of nitrogen in the recipient may reduce the occurrence of blooms of filamentous cyanobacteria in the bay, i.e. by allowing other phytoplankton to compete with the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. The results of the full-scale nitrogen experiment are still under investigation. Inositol monophosphatase 1 The Himmerfjärden nitrogen study was performed in parallel to the SPICOSA project, and the regular stakeholder meetings provided a good opportunity for also recruiting local stakeholders to the SPICOSA project [21]. Fig. 2 shows three images over Himmerfjärden derived from satellite data with different spatial resolution: Landsat TM data (30 m resolution), MERIS full resolution data (300 m) and MERIS reduced resolution data (1.2 km). The comparison shows that considering the spatial resolution, Landsat TM is better suited to view this coastal area from space. However, it is not adapted for aquatic applications as it is designed as a terrestrial sensor, which means that it is not sensitive enough for detecting variations in the water-leaving radiance (the light leaving the water).