Among these http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AG-014699.html bacteria, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus are the major foodborne pathogen bacteria, which are responsible for the majority of foodborne illness outbreaks [1�C5]. Therefore, it is of great importance to develop methods for foodborne pathogenic bacteria detection.Several methods have been explored for the bacteria determination, including the culture and colony counting method, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and immunology-based method [6�C10]. The traditional culture and colony counting method has been a practical for the detection and identification of pathogens in food, including microbiological culturing and isolation of the pathogen, followed by confirmation by biochemical and serological tests, which Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries takes up to 5�C7 days to get a result [11].
Although Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries it can obtain reliable result, it is labor intensive and time consuming, which cannot satisfy the request for bacteria detection Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries on-the-spot detection. The PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are a lot less time-consuming than the traditional culture and colony counting method, which usually takes 30 mins or a few hours to achieve detection result [9,12]. Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries However, there are still key issues that need to be considered in the development of rapid methods for the detection of foodborne pathogens, including differentiation of live and dead cells, automation, cost, simplicity, training, and accuracy.
Impedance technique, as one kind of the electrochemical biosensors, has been proved to be a promising method for foodborne GSK-3 pathogenic bacteria detection due to its portability, rapidity, sensitivity, and more importantly it could be used for on-the-spot detection [13�C16]. Generally, the impedance detection techniques can be classified into two types depending on the presence or absence of specific bio-recognition elements. The first type works by measuring the impedance change caused by binding of targets to bioreceptors (antibodies and nucleic acids) immobilized onto the electrode surface, while the detection principle of the second type is based on metabolites produced by bacterial cells as a result of growth. The articles about impedance biosensors for bacteria detection before 2007 have been reviewed comprehensibly [11], however, in the last five years some new trends in this area have emerged, including the use Ganetespib cancer of nanomaterials, microfluidics techniques and new specific bio-recognition elements such as bacteriophage and lectin. The applications of these new materials or techniques have provided unprecedented opportunities for the development of high-performance impedance bacteria biosensors.