3). When the intensive land-use practices cease and sediment production returns to background levels, channels usually incise, leaving large see more deposits on the former floodplain as terrace deposits. Following relatively rapid channel down-cutting, lateral erosion of channels takes a much longer time to widen floodplains and erode the stored LS (Simon and Hupp, 1986). Thus, the initial return of channels to their pre-disturbance base levels and gradients occurs long before the erosion and reworking of LS is complete. Such a sequence can be described as an aggradation–degradation episode (ADE) ( James and Lecce, 2013) and represents the passage of a bed wave and a sediment wave ( James, 2010). Protracted

sediment production from this long term reworking represents a form of temporal connectivity in which Entinostat the system memory of past sedimentation events is propagated into the future. If the floodplain had been relatively stable prior to the event, a distinct soil may have formed on it. In many cases, the LS deposits left behind by the ADE may be distinguished from the earlier alluvium by an abrupt contact of recent alluvium overlying a buried soil that can

be seen in bank exposures and cores ( Fig. 4). The post-settlement period in North America provides many widespread examples of ADEs. Accelerated sediment production began with land clearance, hillslope erosion, and sediment deliveries in small catchments early in the sequence. Later, post-settlement alluvium arrived down-valley, channels aggraded, and floodplains were buried by overbank deposition. As land-use pressures decreased in the mid-twentieth century—possibly in response to cessation of farming or mining or to initiation of soil conservation measures, and possibly aided by dam construction upstream—sediment deliveries decreased, channels incised, and former aggraded floodplains were abandoned as terraces. In many places

channel beds have returned to pre-settlement base levels and are slowly widening their floodplains. LS may continue to be reworked by Thymidine kinase this process and delivered to lower positions in large basins for many centuries. Recognition of these protracted responses to LS is essential to an understanding of watershed sediment dynamics. The production of LS comes from a variety of sources and deposits are located in a variety of geomorphic positions on the landscape. LS may occur on hillslopes as colluvium, as alluvium on floodplains and wetlands, or slack-water or deltaic deposits in lakes and estuaries (Table 2). Production of most LS begins on uplands and much of the sediment does not travel far, so colluvial deposits can be very important. This may not be widely recognized because deep and widespread colluvial deposits are largely unexposed and may not be mapped. Colluvial deposits of LS include midslope drapes, aprons, and fans.